Test 3 Study Guide Part 1 Flashcards by John McClatchy

Which muscles are striated?

What does this mean?

Cardiac, Skeletal

Means that they have sarcomeres. It also means that smooth muscles do not.

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What are intercalated disks:

They are the connexin proteins in gap junctions

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Myocardium:

- Define:

Define:

A myocardium is a collection of muscle cells which are all interconnected by gap junctions

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What are the implications of the interconnection of myocardium by gap junctions?

What two myocardiums exist in the heart?

They will contract as a single unit with small levels of delay. They will also not very significantly contractile strength, as all muscle cells are contracting at once (unlike the skeletal muscle)

Atria and the ventricles (non conductive tissue separates them)

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While all cells of a myocardium must contract, what factors can effect the strength of their contraction?

Epinephrine (fight flight) and stretching of the heart chambers (perhaps a counter mechanism for bursting or damage from hyper tension?)

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The heart is said to have intrinsic rhythmicity. What causes this?

The regular firing of the sinoatrial node (SA node) which then activates the AV node (atrioventricular node)

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Ca2+ intake into the heart works how?

The heart used DHP (dihydropyridine receptors) to allow Ca2+ to bind to RyR2 and activate it, allowing influx of Ca2+ from the SR

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The heart still has t-tubules

This is true.

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How is Ca2+ returned into the SR?

By serca pumps (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase)

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Where are only circular smooth muscles found?

Where are circular and longitudinal smooth muscles found?

In the branchoiles and blood vessels (where only regulation of diameter is necessary)

The digestive tract, ductus deferens, ureter, and fallopean tubes (necessary to have longitudinal and circular for peristalsis

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Smooth muscles do not have sarcomeres but does have actin an myosin. How is it arranged?

A smooth muscle will have dense bodies (large proteins) which act to anchor the actin filaments. The actin filaments will also be longer. The filaments will be laid out and cross over each other without the clear directionality. This means that smooth muscle when contracted will try to shrink.

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Myosin cross bridges are more perpendicular to myosin thick filaments in smooth muscle cells

True

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What structural elements allow smooth muscles to contract when stretched?
How stretched can they be and contract?

Their dense body arrangement means they can be stretched any direction. Longer thin and thick filaments also help.
8x in the stomach.

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Most of your Co2 travels in your plasma:

Implication:

This is why blood co2 levels are detected and not O2 levels (which travel in RBCs)

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Circulatory system differentiation:

Cardiovascular system (only heart and blood vessels)
Lymphatic system (one way)
Circulatory system (can be considered to be the lymphatic and cardiovascular but most people consider it only cardiovascular)

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The heart pumps how much blood per minute?
How long does it take a RBC to move from the heart, to the most distal portion of the vascular system and back?
Where does the heart maintain pressure?

5 liters
1 minute
The arterioles

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Capacity of the cardiovascular system:

about 5 liters

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Difference in color between oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood:

oxygenated:
- bright red
non-oxygenated blood:
- a maroon

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What percent is human blood is plasma?
What percent is WBCs?
What percent is RBCs?

55%
much less than 1%
45%

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What is the hematocrit?

The level of RBCs. If 40% of your blood is RBCs then your hematocrit is 40% and your plasma levels are 60%.

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What does an enlarged buffy coat mean?

It means an infection, or it means cancer.

what resides in the buffy coat:

platelets and buffy coat

Composition of plasma:

91% water
7% blood proteins (fibrinogen, albumen, globulin)
2%
- Nutrients (amino acids, sugars, lipids)
- Hormones
- Electrolytes

What is the charge of plasma proteins?

Generally negative

Plasma proteins produced by the liver: | three groups/proteins

- Albumin - alpha and beta globulins (includes carrier proteins like thyroxine binding globulin, and - Fibrinogens: 4% of blood protein, during cuts they are converted into insoluble fibrin strands

Given the plasma proteins what problems can occur due to a damaged liver?

Hypoosmotic plasma (causing water to leave the blood, enter the tissue). Resulting in edema. Difficulty diffusing non-polar compounds such as steroid hormones, thyroxine, and cholesterol Difficulty in blood clotting, due to insufficient fibrinogen levels for fibrin formation

Gamma globulin is synonymous with: | - What produces them?

Immunoglobulin/antibody Lymphocytes

Differences between: - Plasma: - Serum:

``` - Plasma: anticoagulant Three layer formation: plasma, buffy, RBCs - Serum: serum liquid: no clotting elements Cells are caught among clotting elements ```

Electrophoresis of plasma proteins:

Separates plasma proteins by mass (at least according to him, it should be mass/charge right?)

Which plasma proteins are the heaviest: | Which plasma proteins are the lightest:

gamma-globulins (antibodies) Albumin is the lightest (60 - 80%)

What are the formed elements?

RBCs, platelets, WBCs

What intracellular structures does the RBC lose as it develops? Where does it lose them?

Nucleus and its mitochondria | In the bone marrow

How long do RBCs last outside of the bone marrow? | What removes RBCs?

120 days is average | They are removed by phagocytes in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver (their components are recycled)

How is iron recirculation accomplished?

RBCs are broken down in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Iron is released from hemaglobins. Iron binds transferins (transferins transport iron) and are brought back to the bone marrow Cells in the bone marrow bring in transferins by receptor mediated endocytosis)

Iron deficiency in the blood results in: | Define anemia:

iron-deficiency anemia | Anemia is a shortage of RBCs or hemoglobin in the bloodstream (Causes skin pallor)

Leukocytes:

A clear white cell, nucleated, which has amoeboid locomotion.

What is the process of moving through a capillary pore called (by a leukocyte)?

Diapedesis or extravasation

Granulated leukocytes: | Nongranular leukocytes:

``` Granulated leukocytes: Neutrophils Eosonophils Basophils Nongranular leukocytes (use a different mechanism than granules to attack enemy hosts): Lymphocytes Macrophages ```

Structure: Immature Neutrophils: Mature Neutrophils

``` Immature Neutrophils: - also known as bar neutrophils - No segmentation of the nucleus Mature Neutrophils - Nucleus is usually in three segments - Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes ```

What is the predominant phagocytic cell of the blood and pus?

PMN (mature neutrophil)

Eosinophils:

- Red granulocytes - Seen in allergic reactions - Seen in parasite targeting

Basophils:

Purplish grey granules. | - Allergic reactions

Monocytes:

have a brain like convolutions to their nucleus | cerebraform nucleus of the monocyte

What immune cells are involved in innate immunity:

lymphocytes

Plasma cells:

Are an activated B cell. They actually produce antibodies. They have darker nuclei

Platelets are synonymous with...

... thrombocytes

What are platelets in actuality?

They are fragments of megakaryocytes which produce platelets

How long do platelets survive for? | Where are they destroyed at?

5-9 days | They are destroyed in the spleen and liver

What form of movement do platelets exhibit? | Do they have a nucleus?

Ameboid movement | No!

What causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels in injuries?

Platelets when they bind together at the site of an injury produce seratonin which vasoconstricts the vessels.

What are the ramifications of thrombocytopenia?

Thrombocytopenia is insufficient thrombocytes. Thrombycytes help secrete factors which maintain vessicle health, so insufficient levels of them results in internal bleeding, which is worsened by decreased ability to clot these bleeds. (spleen removal is one treatment)

What is the major hematopiotic organ of the fetus? | Of the adult?

``` The liver (can relapse to the liver if damaged) The bone marrow ```