Temperament, Personality, and Identity Flashcards
____ refers to a person’s basic disposition, which influences how he or she responds to ____. It has a ____ component and, to some is apparent at ____ and predictive of later ____, especially when it’s measured after ____ ____ of age.
Temperament; Situations; Genetic Component; Birth; Personality; Three Years
Evidence for a genetic contribution is provided by studies showing that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in terms of temperament and indicating that some temperament qualities correlate with certain ____ ____.
Physiological Reactions
Kagan’s research (1989) confirmed that ____ ____ has a biological contribution and is a relatively ____ characteristic. He found that children identified as either ____ or ____ at 21 months of age were ____ ____ at 5-1/2 and 7-1/2 years and that level of inhibition was related to ____ ____: When faced with unfamiliar situations, ____ ____ had a higher heart rate, pupillary dilation, and larger changes in blood pressure than did ____ children.
Behavioral Inhibition; Stable; Inhibited or Uninhibited; Similarly Categorized; Physiological Reactivity; Inhibited Children; Uninhibited
Additional confirmation of the stability of behavioral inhibition is provided by research showing that inhibition in early childhood is associated with an increased risk for ____ ____ in ____ and with a ___________ in early adulthood.
Social Anxiety in Adolescence; Less Positive and Less Active Social Life
Note, that there’s also evidence that level of behavioral inhibition can be modified by ____ ____ -____ ____, with warm, supportive parenting reducing the intense physiological reactions of inhibited children and cold, intrusive parenting and overprotective parenting increasing their intensity.
Parental Childe-Rearing Practices
Thomas and Chess distinguish between nine basic temperament qualities — ___________________.
activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, threshold of responsiveness, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, distractibility, and persistence.
According to these investigators, most babies can be categorized based on these qualities as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up: _______, ______, _______.
Easy Children; Difficult Children; Slow-to-Warm-Up Children
____ ____ are even-tempered, have regular sleeping and eating patterns, adapt easily to new situations and people, and have a preponderance of positive moods.
Easy Children
____ ____ are irritable, withdraw from new situations and people, and have unpredictable habits and a preponderance of negative moods.
Difficult Children
____ -to-____ -____ ____ are inactive and somewhat negative in mood and take time to adjust to new stimuli.
Slow-to-Warm-Up Children
Thomas and Chess found that many children categorized as ____ or ____ at age three were rated, respectively, as ____ or ____ -____ as young adults. However, the relationship between early temperament and later adjustment was not perfect; and, based on their findings, these investigators developed a ____-of-____ ____ that predicts that it is the degree of match between parents’ behaviors and their child’s temperament that contributes to die child’s outcomes.
Difficult or Easy; Poorly or Well-Adjusted; Goodness-of-Fit Model
Thomas and Chess also developed a ____ ____ ____ that is designed to help parents interact with their child in ways that are consistent with the child’s temperament.
Parent Guidance Intervention
____ ____ of ____ ____ proposes that the id’s libido (sexual energy) centers on a different part of the body during each stage of development and that personality results from the ways in which conflicts at each stage are resolved.
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Failure to ____ a ____ at any stage often stems from v or ____ ____ of the id’s needs and can result in ____ at that stage.
Resolve a Conflict; Excessive or Insufficient Gratification; Fixation
Freud’s ____ of ____ ____ and the personality outcomes associated with them are summarized in 5 stages.
Stages of Psychosexual Development
____: The mouth is the focus of sensation and stimulation, and weaning is the primary source of conflict. Fixation results in dependence, passivity, gullibility, sarcasm, and orally-focused habits (smoking, nail-biting, overeating, etc.).
Oral Stage (birth-I year)
____: The main issue during this stage is control of bodily wastes, and conflicts stem from issues related to toilet training. Fixation produces anal retentiveness (stinginess, selfishness, obsessive-compulsive behavior) or anal expulsiveness (cruelty, destructiveness, messiness).
Anal Stage (1-3 years)
____: Sexual energy is centered in the genitals; and the primary task is the resolution of the Oedipal conflict, which is marked by a desire for the opposite-sex parent and a view of the same-sex parent as a rival. A successful outcome results from identification with the same-sex parent and development of the superego. Fixation can produce a phallic character, which involves sexual exploitation of others.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
____: Libidinal energy is diffuse rather than focused on any one area of the body, and the emphasis is on developing social skills rather than achieving sexual gratification.
Latency Stage (6-12 years)
____: Libido is again centered in the genitals, and a successful outcome in this stage occurs when sexual desire is blended with affection to produce mature sexual relationships.
Genital Stage (12+ years)
____ of ____ ____: Erikson’s personality theory differs from Freud’s in several important ways. First, Erikson stresses the role of ____ (versus sexual) ____, and his stages of development each involve a different ____ ____. Second, Erikson places greater emphasis on the ____ than on the ____, and he assumes that people are ____ ____ and that behavior is due largely to ____ functioning. Finally, Erikson views personality development as a process that continues throughout the ____.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development; Social; Factors; Psychosocial Crisis; Ego; Id; Basically Rational; Ego; Lifespan
The crises and positive outcomes are associated with his eight ____ of ____ ____.
Stages of Psychosocial Development
____: A positive relationship with one’s primary caregiver during infancy results in a sense of trust and optimism.
Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust (infancy)
____: A sense of self (autonomy) develops out of positive interactions with one’s parents or other caregivers.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood)