Scales of Measurement and Deceptive Statistics

Question 1

Statistical methods are divided into two types: ____ and ____.

Answer 1

Descriptive and Inferential

Question 2

____ ____ are used to describe and summarize the data collected on a variable or the relationship between variables. A researcher might use a measure of ____ ____, for instance, to summarize a set of test scores or a scatterplot to depict the relationship between scores on two different measures.

Answer 2

Descriptive Statistics; Central Tendency

Question 3

____ ____ are used to determine if obtained sample values can be generalized to the population from which the sample was drawn. As an example, a researcher could use a _-____ to determine if the difference between the experimental and control groups on the ____ ____ could be expected to occur in the ____.

Answer 3

Inferential Statistics; T-Test; Dependent Variable; Population

Question 4

Descriptive statistics are described in Sections Il and V, and inferential statistics are addressed in Sections Ill and IV. An initial consideration when choosing a descriptive or inferential technique is the ____ of ____ of the ____ that are to be ____ or ____.

Answer 4

Scale of Measurement; Data; Described or Analyzed

Question 5

The various methods for measuring variables are categorized in several ways. One method distinguishes between ____ and ____ ____: A ____ ____, at least theoretically, can take on an infinite number of values on the measurement scale. ____ and ____ are continuous variables. in contrast, a ____ ____ can assume only a limited set of values. When a discrete variable has only two values, it is also referred to as a ____ ____. ___ ____ is a discrete variable and ____ is a discrete variable that is ____.

Answer 5

Continuous and Discrete Variables; Continuous Variable; Time and Age; Discrete Variable; Dichotomous Variable; DSM Diagnosis; Gender; Dichotomous

Question 6

Another method distinguishes between four ____ of ____ — nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Each scale divides a set of observations into ____ ____ and ____ ____. However, as described below, the four scales differ in terms of the ____ of ____ they ____ and the ____ ____ they ____.

Answer 6

Scales of Measurement; Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Categories; Kind of Information they Provide; Mathematical Operations they permit

Question 7

A ____ ____ divides variables into unordered categories. Gender of salespeople in Study #3 is a nominal variable since salespeople will be classified in terms of two unordered categories (male and female). Even if numbers are assigned to the two categories (#1 for males and #2 for females), the numbers merely act as ____ and do not provide information about the ____ of the ____.

Answer 7

Nominal Scale; Labels; Order of the Categories

Question 8

Other examples of ____ ____ include religion, political affiliation, place of birth, and DSM diagnosis. The primary limitation of the nominal scale is that the only mathematical operation that can be performed on the obtained data is to ____ the ____ (number) of ____ in each ____. In Study #3, the psychologist can only count (and compare) the number of male and female salespeople.

Answer 8

Nominal Variables; Count the Frequency; Cases in each Category

Question 9

An ____ ____ is more mathematically complex than a nominal scale and not only divides Observations into categories but also provides information on the order of those categories, Consequently, when using an ordinal scale, it’s possible to say that one person has ____ or ____ of the characteristic being ____ than ____ ____.

Answer 9

Ordinal Scale; More or Less; Characteristic; Measured; Another Person

Question 10

Ranks and ratings on a Likert scale are examples of ____ ____ ____. In Study #3, attitude toward the company is being measured on an ordinal scale if a Likert scale is used, and each salesperson will be asked whether he or she strongly agrees, agrees, disagrees, or strongly disagrees with the statement, “This company is the best company I have ever worked for.” If each response is assigned a number (l for strongly agree, 2 for agree, etc.). the numbers would provide information about the ____ of the ____ ____, and it would be possible to conclude that a salesperson whose rating is 1 has a more favorable attitude toward the company than a person whose rating is 3.

Answer 10

Ordinal Scale Scores; Order of the Response Categories

Question 11

A limitation of ordinal scores is that they do not lend themselves to ____ just how much ____ there is ____ ____. If we rank people in terms of height, for example, we can say that someone who receives a rank of 10 is taller than someone who receives a rank of 5, but we can’t conclude that the person with a rank of 10 is ____ as ____ as the person with a rank of 5.

Answer 11

Determining; Difference; Between Scores; Twice as Tall

Question 12

The ____ ____ has the property of order as well as the property of equal intervals between successive points on the measurement scale. Scores on standardized IQ tests are usually considered to represent an ____ ____, and, as a result, we can say that the interval between the scores 90 and 95 is ____ ____ the interval between the scores of 100 and 105 and that a score of 95 is ____ between the scores of 90 and 100. The property of ____ ____ also makes it possible to perform the mathematical operations of ____ and ____. It is legitimate, for instance, to add interval scores in order to calculate a ____ or ____ ____.

Answer 12

Interval Scale; Interval Scale; Equal To; Midway; Equal Intervals; Addition and Subtraction; Mean or Standard Deviation

Question 13

Examples of ____ ____ include temperature when measured on a Fahrenheit or Celsius scale and scores on most standardized educational and psychological tests. Note that interval (and ordinal) scales sometimes have a ____ ____ but that it is an ____, not an ____, ____. A score of zero on a test that provides interval scores cannot be ____ as an ____ ____ or ____ of the ____ being ____ by the test.

Answer 13

Interval Scales; Zero Point; Arbitrary; Absolute; Zero; Interpreted; Absolute Lack or Absence; Characteristic being Measured

Question 14

The ____ ____ is the most mathematically complex of the four scales. It has the properties of ____ and ____ ____ as well as an ____ ____ ____, which means that a score of 0 indicates a ____ ____ of the ____ being ____. An absolute zero point makes it possible to ____ and ____ ____ ____ and to determine more precisely how much ____ or ____ of a characteristic one person has ____ to ____.

Answer 14

Ratio Scale; Order and Equal Intervals; Absolute Zero Point; Complete Absence; Characteristic being Measured; Multiply and Divide Ratio Scores; More or Less; Compared to Another

Question 15

In Study #3, it would be possible to conclude that a person selling $1 ,000 worth of goods has sold twice as much as a person selling $500 worth of goods. Examples of a ____ ____ include temperature when measured on a Kelvin scale, number of calories consumed, and reaction time in seconds.

Answer 15

Ratio Scale

Question 16

A variable Is measured on a ____ ____ when it is divided Into categories and the frequency (number) of individuals in each category will be compared e.g., the number of males versus females or the number of people receiving a diagnosis of Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, or Agoraphobia.

Answer 16

Nominal Scale

Question 17

The frequency (number) of aggressive acts, accidents, or prior hospitalizations represents a ____ ____ of measurement. Also, keep in mind that, when picking a descriptive or Inferential technique, the same techniques are used or ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 17

Ratio Scale; Interval and Ratio Data

Question 18

Of the four scales of measurement, the (1) ____ scale is the least mathematically complex. When we measure a characteristic with this scale, there is no inherent (2) ____to the scale categories, and we cannot say that one person has more or less of the characteristic being measured than another person. The only quantitative operation that we can perform when data are measured on this scale is to count the (3) ____ of observations in each category.

Answer 18

(1) nominal; (2) order; (3) frequency (number)

Question 19

As its name implies, the ordinal scale of measurement has the mathematical property of (4) ____. When using this scale, we can say that one person has (5) ____ of the characteristic being measured than another person.

Answer 19

(4) order; (5) more or less

Question 20

The interval scale is more mathematically complex than the ordinal scale. It not only has the property of (6) ____ but also the property of (7) ____ intervals between successive points on the measuring scale. As a result, we can conclude that a score of 100 is (8) ____ between the scores of 90 and 110.

Answer 20

(6) order; (7) equal; (8) midway

Question 21

The most mathematically complex measurement scale is the (9) ____ scale. It has the properties of order and equal intervals as well as an (10) ____ zero point. The latter property makes it possible not only to add and subtract scores but also to (11) ____ them and to conclude that a person who receives a score of 150 has (12) ____ times as much of the characteristic being measured as a person who receives a score of 50.

Answer 21

(9) ratio; (10) absolute; (11) multiply and divide; (12) three

Question 22

____ ____ are used to describe or summarize a distribution (set) of data. For example, the psychologist in Study #1 would use a ____ technique to summarize the achievement test scores obtained by 25 children after they received training in the self-control procedure. Descriptive techniques include ____, ____ ____, ____ ____, ____ of ____ ____, and ____ of ____.

Answer 22

Descriptive Statistics; Descriptive; Tables, Frequency Distributions, Frequency Polygons, Measures of Central Tendency, and Measures of Variability

Question 23

A set of data that represent an ordinal, interval, or ratio scale can be organized in a ____ ____ like the one presented in Figure 4. When using a polygon, scores are recorded on the ____ ____ (abscissa), while the frequencies are coded on the ____ ____ (ordinate).

Answer 23

Frequency Polygon; Horizontal Axis; Vertical Axis

Question 24

____ ____ are used to describe or summarize a distribution (set) of data. For example, the psychologist in Study #1 would use a ____ technique to summarize the achievement test scores obtained by 25 children after they received training in the self-control procedure. Descriptive techniques include ____, ____ ____, ____ ____, ____ of ____ ____, and ____ of ____.

Answer 24

Descriptive Statistics; Descriptive; Tables, Frequency Distributions, Frequency Polygons, Measures of Central Tendency, and Measures of Variability

Question 25

A set of data that represent an ordinal, interval, or ratio scale can be organized in a ____ ____ like the one presented in Figure 4. When using a polygon, scores are recorded on the ____ ____ (abscissa), while the frequencies are coded on the ____ ____ (ordinate).

Answer 25

Frequency Polygon; Horizontal Axis; Vertical Axis

Question 26

Frequency polygons can assume a variety of ____. When a sufficiently large number of observations are made, the data for many variables take the shape of a ____ ____ (or normal distribution). The normal curve (Figure 5) is ____, ____-____, and defined by a ____ ____ ____. As discussed later in this section and in the Test Construction section, the normal curve is very important: When we know that scores on a variable are normally distributed, we can draw ____ ____ about the ____ of ____ that fall between ____ ____ in the ____.

Answer 26

Shapes; Normal Curve; Symmetrical, Bell-Shaped; Specific Mathematical Formula; Certain Conclusions; Number of Cases; Specific Points in the Distribution

Question 27

Distributions can, of course, ____ from the normal curve. The term ____ refers to the relative peakedness of a distribution: When a distribution is more “peaked” than the normal distribution, it is referred to as ____; when a distribution is flatter, it is called ____. (A normal curve is ____.)

Answer 27

Deviate; Kurtosis; Leptokurtic; Platykurtic; Mesokurtic

Question 28

Distributions can also be ____ rather than symmetrical. For example, in a ____ ____, more than half of the observations fall on one side of the distribution and a relatively few observations fall in the tail on the other side of the distribution.

Answer 28

Asymmetrical; Skewed Distribution

Question 29

Skewed distributions can be either ____ or ____: In a ____ ____ ____, most of the scores are in the negative (low score) side of the distribution and the positive tail is extended because of the presence of a few high scores. Conversely, in a ____ ____ ____, most scores are in the positive (high score) side of the distribution and the negative tail is extended due to the presence of a few low scores. (To remember the difference between positive and negative skew, you might want to remember that it’s “the ____ that ____ the ____.”)

Answer 29

Positive or Negative; Positively Skewed Distribution; Negatively Skewed Distribution; The Tail that Tells the Tale

Question 30

A frequency polygon can be described in terms of its shape. A “normal distribution” is symmetrical and (1) ____ shaped. Distributions can, of course, deviate from the normal. When a distribution is more “peaked” than the normal distribution, it is said to be (2) ____; when a distribution is flatter than the normal distribution, it is (3) ____.

Answer 30

(1) belle; (2) leptokurtic; (3) platykurtic

Question 31

Distributions can also be asymmetrical. In a (4) ____ distribution, over 50% of the scores fall on one side of the distribution. When scores are concentrated in the positive side of the distribution with only a relatively few scores in the negative side (tail), the distribution is said to be (5) ____ skewed. When scores are concentrated in the negative side of the distribution with only a relatively few scores in the positive side (tail), the distribution is called (6) ____ skewed.

Answer 31

(4) skewed; (5) negatively; (6) positively

Question 32

Although frequency polygons and other descriptive techniques provide important information about a ____, an investigator usually wants to describe the data he or she has collected with a ____ ____. To be useful, this number should convey a ____ ____ of ____, summarize the ____ ____ of ____, and be a “____” ____ of all of the ____.

Answer 32

Distribution; Single Number; Maximum Amount of Information; Entire Set of Observations; “Typical” Measure; Observation

Question 33

____ of ____ ____ are the descriptive techniques that address these goals; and the ____, the ____, and the ____ are the most commonly used measures of central tendency.

Answer 33

Measures of Central Tendency; Mode, the Median, and the Mean

Question 34

The ____ (MO) is the score or category that occurs most frequently in a set of data. If the psychologist in Study #3 obtains the following distribution of scores on a 10-item product knowledge test administered to 35 salespeople, the score of 6 is the mode because it occurs with the greatest frequency (eight times).

Answer 34

Mode

Question 35

A distribution can be ____; that is, it can have ____ or ____ scores or categories that occur ____ often and more often than any other ____ or ____. A distribution with two modes is called ____. When all scores occur equally often, the distribution does not have a ____ ____.

Answer 35

Multimodal; Two or More; Equally; Score of Category; Bimodal; Unique Mode

Question 36

The primary advantage of the mode is that it is ____ to ____. A disadvantage is that it’s susceptible to ____ ____. This means that, if a large number of samples are randomly selected from the population, the mode can be expected to ____ ____ from ____ to ____, and any one sample might not provide an ____ ____ of the ____ ____. Another disadvantage is that the mode is ____ ____ for other ____ ____ and serves primarily as a ____ ____.

Answer 36

Easy to Identify; Sampling Fluctuations; Vary Considerable; Sample to Sample; Accurate Estimate of the Population Mode; Not Useful; Statistical Purposes; Descriptive Technique

Question 37

The ____ (Md) is the score that divides a distribution in half when the data have been ordered from low to high When a distribution has an odd number of observations, the median is equal to the ____ ____. In the following distribution of seven scores, the median is 6: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8. If a distribution has an even number of observations, the median is the value that lies ____ between the ____ ____ ____. In the following distribution often scores, the median is 8: 2, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15.

Answer 37

Median; Middle Observation; Midway; Two Middle Scores

Question 38

One advantage of the median is that, if one score in a distribution is extremely high or low, the value of the median is ____ ____. In the above distribution of ten scores, if the highest score of 15 is changed to 30, the median is still equal to 8. Because of its ____ to “____,” the median is a ____ measure of central tendency when a distribution contains ____ or a ____ ____ ____. A disadvantage of the median is that, like the mode, its use in other statistical procedures is ____.

Answer 38

Not Affected; Insensitivity to “Outliers;” Useful; One or a Few Extreme Scores; Limited

Question 39

____ ____: The ____ (X or M) is the arithmetic average.

Answer 39

Arithmetic Mean; Mean
Formula 1: Arithmetic Mean – M = ΣX/N
Where: M = mean, Σ = “add up,” X = raw score, N = number of observation
(Using this formula, the mean for the distribution of 35 scores in Table 1 is calculated as follows:
M = (1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + … + 10)/35 = 5.6)

Question 40

One advantage of the mean is that, of the three measures of central tendency, it is least susceptible to ____ ____. Consequently, the mean of a sample that has been randomly selected from the population usually provides an ____ ____ of the ____ ____. Another advantage of the mean is that it can be used in a number of ____ ____.

Answer 40

Sampling Functions; Unbiased Estimate; Population Mean; Statistical Procedures

Question 41

A potential disadvantage of the mean is that it is affected by the ____ of ____ ____ in the ____. As a result, when a distribution is ____ or contains ____ or a ____ ____, the mean can be a ____ ____ of central tendency.

Answer 41

Magnitude of Every Score in the Distribution; Skewed; One or a Few Outliers; Misleading Measure

Question 42

____ a ____ of ____ ____: When selecting a measure of central tendency first consideration is the data’s ____ of ____.

Answer 42

Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency; Scale of Measurement

Question 43

Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency; Scale of Measurement

Answer 43

Question 44

Normally, a researcher uses the measure of central tendency that lends itself to the greatest number of ____ ____. Consequently, the ____ is usually the preferred measure of central tendency when the data represent an ____ ____, and the ____ is preferred when the data represent an ____ or ____ ____.

Answer 44

Mathematical Operations; Median; Ordinal Scale; Mean; Interval or Ratio Scale

Question 45

The mean is sensitive to the value of ____ ____ in a distribution. For this reason, even though a variable has been measured on an interval or ratio scale, the ____ is often used when the distribution is ____ ____ or when there is ____ ____ (especially at the high or low end of the distribution) because the median is ____ ____ of the ____ of ____.

Answer 45

All Scores; Median; Very Skewed; Missing Data; More Representative; Distribution of Scores

Question 46

The relationship between the three measures of central tendency in skewed distributions is shown in Figure 8. In a positively skewed distribution, the ____ is greater than the ____ which, in turn, is greater than the ____. In a negatively skewed distribution, the relationship between the three measures is ____: The ____ is greater than the ____, which is greater than the ____.

Answer 46

Mean; Median; Mode; Reversed; Mode; Median; Mean

Question 47

The mean, median, and mode are measures of (1) ____ tendency that summarize a distribution of data by providing a “typical” score. The mode is the most (2) ____ occurring score or category in a distribution. The median is the (3) ____ score in an ordered set of data. Finally, the mean is the arithmetic (4) ____. The mean can be calculated only when the variable has been measured using a(n) (5) ____ scale.

Answer 47

(1) central; (2) frequently; (3) middle; (4) average; (5) interval or ratio

Question 48

In a normal distribution, the three measures of central tendency are equal to the same value. However, in a (6) ____ skewed distribution, the mean is greater than the median, which is greater than the mode. In a (7) ____ skewed distribution, the opposite is true: The mean is less than the median, which is less than the mode.

Answer 48

(6) positively; (7) negatively

Question 49

A measure of central tendency often provides an ____ ____ of a ____ of ____, and a researcher will also want to calculate a measure of ____. Measures of variability indicate the amount of ____ or ____ within a ____ of ____ and include the ____, ____, and ____ ____.

Answer 49

Incomplete Description of a Distribution of Data; Variability; Heterogeneity or Dispersion; Set of Scores; Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation

Question 50

The ____ is calculated by subtracting the lowest score in the distribution from the highest score. The range for the data presented in Table 1 is 9 (10 - 1 = 9). Because the range is based on only the ____ ____ ____ ____, it can be ____ when a distribution contains an ____ ____ and/or ____ score.

Answer 50

Range; Two Most Extreme Scores; Misleading; Atypically High; Low

Question 51

The ____ (____ ____) is a more thorough measure of variability than the range because its calculation includes all of the scores in the distribution rather than just the highest and lowest scores.

Answer 51

Variance (Mean Square)

Question 52

he variance is calculated using the following formula:

Answer 52

Question 53

The numerator of the variance is called the ____ of ____, which is short for the “sum of the squared deviation scores,” The ____ of ____ is calculated by subtracting the mean from each score to obtain deviation scores, squaring each deviation score, and then summing the squared deviation scores. Note that the size of the sum of squares is affected not only by the ____ of ____ in a ____ but also by the ____ of ____: The more scores in a distribution, the ____ the sum of squares.

Answer 53

Sum of Squares; Sum of Squares; Amount of Variability; Distribution; Number of Scores; Larger

Question 54

Consequently, to be useful as a measure of variability, the sum of squares is ____ by _ - _ (or, as discussed below, by N). The result is the ____ (mean square), or the “mean of the squared deviation scores.” The variance provides a measure of the ____ amount of ____ in a ____ by indicating the degree to which the scores are dispersed around the ____ ____.

Answer 54

Divided by N – 1; Variance; Average; Variability in a Distribution; Dispersed; Distribution’s Mean

Question 55

Note that the denominator for the variance is _ when the variance for the ____ is being calculated. However, when a ____ ____ is being calculated (especially when it’s going to be used as an estimate of the population variance), the denominator is _ - ¬. This is because a sample variance tends to ____ the ____ ____, and subtracting 1 from N helps ____ this ____.

Answer 55

N; Population; Sample Variance; N – 1; Underestimate the Population Variance; Reduce this Bias

Question 56

____ ____: Because calculation of the variance requires squaring each deviation score, the variance represents a unit of measurement that differs from the ____ ____ of ____. For this reason, the variance is difficult to interpret, and the ____ ____ is more often used as a measure of variability. The ____ ____ is calculated by taking the square root of the variance, which converts it to the same unit of measurement as the original scores.

Answer 56

Standard Deviation; Original Unit of Measurement; Interpret; Standard Deviation; Standard Deviation

Question 57

The standard deviation is calculated using the following formula:

Answer 57

Question 58

The standard deviation can be interpreted ____ as a measure of ____: The larger the standard deviation, the ____ the ____ of ____ around the ____ ____. This method of interpretation is particularly useful when ____ the ____ of ____ or ____ ____. It can also be interpreted in terms of the ____ ____. When the shape of a distribution of scores approaches normal, it’s possible to ____ ____ ____ about the ____ of ____ that fall ____ ____ that are defined by the ____ ____, and these limits are referred to as “____ ____ the ____ ____.”

Answer 58

Directly; Variability; Greater the Dispersion of Scores; Distribution’s Mean; Comparing the Variability of Two or More Distributions; Normal Distribution; Draw Certain Conclusions; Number of Cases; Within Limits; Standard Deviation; Areas Under the Normal Curve

Question 59

As shown in Figure 9, when a distribution is normal, 68.26% of scores fall between the scores that are plus and minus one standard deviation from the mean, 95.44% of scores fall between the scores that are plus and minus two standard deviations from the mean, and 99.72% of scores fall between the scores that are plus and minus three standard deviations from the mean. For example, if a test has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5 and scores on the test are normally distributed, it is possible to conclude that about 68% of people have scores between _ and _.

Answer 59

45 and 55

Question 60

A number of other conclusions can be drawn when a distribution is ____ and its ____ and ____ ____ are known. For the above example, it’s possible to conclude that about of people have scores below 55. This was determined by adding 50% (the number of individuals who obtain scores below the mean) to 34% (the number who obtain scores between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean). It is also possible to conclude that. if the purpose of the test is to select individuals whose scores are in the top 16%, the cutoff score should be set at 55. (Since 84% fall below the score that is one standard deviation above the mean, the remaining 16% fall above that score.)

Answer 60

Normal; Mean and Standard Deviation

Question 61

Standard deviation is the ____ ____ of the ____. Also, be sure to memorize the areas under the normal curve — that about _% of scores fall between the scores that are plus and minus one standard deviation from the mean, etc.

Answer 61

Square Root of the Variance; 68%

Question 62

In some situations. it may be necessary to ____ or ____ a ____ to or from ____ ____ in a ____ or ____ or ____ each ____ by a ____. To convert a distribution of heights expressed in inches to feet, for example, each person’s height in inches is divided by 12. When a constant is added or subtracted to every score in a distribution, the measures of ____ ____ ____ but the measures of ____ ____ ____.

Answer 62

Add or Subtract a Constant; Each Score; Distribution or Multiply or Divide each Score by a Constant; Central Tendency Change; Variability Do Not

Question 63

When each score in a distribution is multiplied or divided by a constant, the ____ of ____ ____ and ____ are all ____. For example, adding a constant of 5 to each score in a distribution will increase the distribution’s ____ but not its ____ ____, but multiplying each score in a distribution by 5 will ____ both the ____ and the ____ ____.

Answer 63

Measures of Central Tendency and Variability are all Affected; Mean; Standard Deviation; Increase; Mean; Standard Deviation

Question 64

Measures of variability indicate the degree of (1) ___ in a distribution of scores. The simplest measure of variability is the (2) ____, which is calculated by subtracting the lowest score in the distribution from the (3) ____ score. The variance and standard deviation are more thorough measures of variability because their calculation includes (4) ____ of the scores in the distribution. These measures indicate, on the average, how much the scores in a distribution vary from the distribution’s (5) ____.

Answer 64

(1) dispersion (heterogeneity); (2) range; (3) highest; (4) all; (5) mean

Question 65

The standard deviation is equal to the (6) ____ of the variance. It is usually preferred to the variance as a descriptive technique because it expresses a distribution’s variability in the same unit of (7) ____ as the original scores and is easier to interpret. For instance, if a distribution of IQ scores has a mean of 100 and a variance of 225, its standard deviation is equal to (8) ____.

Answer 65

(6) square root; (7) measurement; (8) 15

Question 66

Assuming that the population distribution is normal, this means that, in the population, about (9) ____ percent of people have IQ scores between 85 and 115; about (10) ____ percent have scores between 70 and 130; and about (11) ____ percent have scores between 55 and 145.

Answer 66

(9) 68; (10) 95; (11) 99

Question 67

When a constant is (12) ____ each score in a distribution, the measures of central tendency change but the measures of variability stay the same. In contrast, when each score Is (13) ____ by a constant, the measures of central tendency and variability all change.

Answer 67

(12) added to or subtracted from; (13) multiplied or divided