Clinical Assessment

Question 1

Psychologists conduct clinical assessments to determine if dysfunctional behavior is ____ or ____, identify the severity and possible site of ____ ____, and help confirm a ____ ____. Although some intelligence, ability, and personality tests are useful for these purposes, a number of tests have been developed specifically to facilitate clinical assessment.

Answer 1

Organic or Functional; Brain Damage; Psychiatric Diagnosis

Question 2

____ ____ are used to screen for and diagnose neurological disorders and include comprehensive batteries and individual tests and screening tools.

Answer 2

Neuropsychological Tests

Question 3

____ ____: The Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska are two of the most used ____ ____.

Answer 3

Neuropsychological Batteries; Neuropsychological Batteries

Question 4

The ____-____ ____ ____ (H-R) is used to detect the presence of brain damage and determine its severity and possible location in individuals ages 15 and older. The core tests included in the H-R were found to differentiate between normal controls and individuals with ____ ____ and assess a ____ of ____ including memory, concentration, abstract reasoning, language, visual-motor integration, and manual dexterity. These tests are often administered in conjunction with other measures of specific functions, the ___ or ___, and the ___.

Answer 4

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery; Brain Damage; Variety of Functions; WAIS or WISC, and the MMPI

Question 5

Interpretation of an examinee’s performance on the H-R involves considering performance on the ____ ____ as well as ____ ____, which is summarized by calculating the ____ ____ ____ (HII). The HIT ranges in value from _ to _. with a score of 0 to 0.2 suggesting ____ ____, 0.3 to 0.4 ____ ____, 0.5 to 0.7 ____ ____, and 0.8 to 1.0 ____ ____. Several versions of the H-R are available including ____ ____ and versions for ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 5

Individual Tests; Overall Performance; Halstead Impairment Index; 0 to 1.0; Normal Functioning; Mild Impairment; Moderate Impairment; Severe Impairment; Abbreviated Versions; Younger and Older Children

Question 6

The ____-____ ____ ____ (LNNB) contains 269 items grouped into 11 content scales that assess various aspects of ____ ____ (e.g. motor. visual-spatial. memory, language). The raw each test Item ranges from 0 to 2, with 0 suggesting normal functioning and 2, with 0 suggesting ____ ____ and 2 indicating ____ ____, and item scores are summed and converted to _-____ to obtain each scale.

Answer 6

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery; Neuropsychological Functioning; Normal Functioning; Brain Injury; T-Scores

Question 7

The LNNB differs from the H-R in several ways: It takes less time to administer, is more highly standardized in terms of content, administration, and scoring, and provides more complete coverage of neurological deficits and more precise identification of brain damage. Versions of the LNNB are available for individuals _ and ____ and for children ages _ through _.

Answer 7

13 and Older; 8 through 12

Question 8

____ ____ ____: ____ ____ are used to evaluate specific neuropsychological functioning and/or determine if a more thorough assessment is necessary.

Answer 8

Individual Neuropsychological Tests; Individual Tests

Question 9

The ____ ____-____ ____ ____, ____ ____ (____-____ _) is a brief measure of visual-motor integration for individuals 3 and older and is used as a measure of visual-motor development and screening tool tor neuropsychological impairment. It consists of 16 stimulus cards containing ____ ____.

Answer 9

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, Second Edition (Bender-Gestalt II); Geometric Figures

Question 10

Administration of the Bender-Gestalt II involves two phases — the ____ ____ in which the examinee is shown each design and asked to copy it “as best you can,” and the ____ ____ in which the examinee is asked to draw as many of the designs as possible from memory. The Global Scoring System entails evaluating the ____ ____ of an ____ ____ during both phases of administration using a rating scale that ranges from 0 (no resemblance) to 4 (nearly perfect).

Answer 10

Copy Phase; Recall Phase; Overall Quality; Examinee’s Designs

Question 11

The Bender-Gestalt is considered a valid screening device for ____ ____ but, to avoid false negatives. should be used in conjunction with ____ ____ of information. There is also evidence that it is useful for assessing ____ ____ in first graders, predicting ____ ____, and identifying ____ ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 11

Brain Damage; Other Sources; School Readiness; Academic Achievement; Emotional Problems and Learning Disabilities

Question 12

The Bender-Gestalt is not considered to be accurate for identifying ____ ____ or for making ____ ____. Research on the previous version of the Bender-Gestalt indicated that performance is affected by ____ but not by ____ ____ and that, up to age 10, scores correlate with ____. (After age 10, “normals” obtain perfect or near perfect scores.)

Answer 12

Personality Characteristics; Psychiatric Diagnoses; Education; Drawing Ability; Intelligence

Question 13

The ____ ____ ____ ____ (BVRT) is used to assess visual memory, visual perception, and visual-motor skills for the purpose of identifying brain damage in individuals ages 8 and older. The test consists of ten cards that contain one or more ____ ____ ____ which the examinee is required to ____ from ____, and the examinee’s score is based on the number of figures ____ ____ and total number of ____.

Answer 13

Benton Visual Retention Test; Simple Geometric Figures; Reproduce from Memory; Correctly Reproduced; Errors

Question 14

The ____-____ ____ ____ of ____-____ ____, __ ____ (Beery VMI) is used to assess the visual-motor integration skills of individuals ages 2 and older to identify deficits that are associated with neurological impairments or might lead to learning and behavior problems. It consists of a series of increasingly difficult ____ ____ that the examinee ____. The test package includes ____ ____ activities for children from birth to elementary school age.

Answer 14

Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, 6th Edition; Geometric Figures; Copies; Developmental Teaching

Question 15

The ____ ____ ____ ____ (WCST) is for individuals ages 6:6 to 80: I I and is used to assess the ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies in response to feedback. It consists of four stimulus cards and 64 response cards that contain one to four ____ (triangle, star, cross, circle) in one of four ____. The examinee is asked to sort the response cards under the four stimulus cards using a ____ ____ that is not disclosed to them; and the examinee is given feedback by the examiner about whether their strategy is “____” or “____.”

Answer 15

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Symbols; Colors; Sorting Strategy; Right or Wrong

Question 16

(WCST) After ten correct sorts, the examiner changes the sorting strategy ____ ____ the examinee. The examinee’s responses are scored in terms of ____ ____ to identify the correct ____ ____. The WCST is sensitive to ____ ____ ____. and impaired performance has been linked to alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, depression, and malingering.

Answer 16

Without Warning; Trials Required; Sorting Strategy; Frontal Lobe Damage

Question 17

The ____ ____-____ ____ ____ assesses the degree to which an examinee can suppress a prepotent (habitual) response in favor of an unusual one and measures cognitive flexibility, selective attention, and response inhibition.

Answer 17

Stroop Color-Word Association Test

Question 18

The Stroop Color-Word Association test presents the examinee with a list of color names that are printed in ink colors that differ from the name (e.g., the name red might be printed in blue ink), and the examinee is asked to go through the list and say the ink color rather than read the color name, which is the prepotent response. The Stroop is sensitive to ____ ____ ____, and poor performance has been associated with ADHD. mania. depression, and schizophrenia.

Answer 18

Frontal Lobe Damage

Question 19

The ____ of ____ is a variation of the Tower of Hanoi puzzle and measures attention, memory, and executive functioning. It requires the examinee to ____ ____, one at a time, so that they end up in a particular ____ ____. Poor performance has been linked to frontal lobe damage, ADHD, autism, and depression.

Answer 19

Tower of London; Move Disks; Goal Configuration

Question 20

The ____ ____ ____-_ (WMS-IV) is a measure of memory for older adolescents and adults and consists of six primary subtests that measure various aspects of memory as well as an optional ____ ____ ____ subtest that can be used as a screening test for cognitive impairment. The test provides scores for each subtest and five Index scores (Auditory Memory, Visual Memory, Visual Working Memory, Immediate Memory, and Delayed Memory).

Answer 20

Wechsler Memory Scale-IV; Brief Cognitive Status

Question 21

Because the WMS-IV is co-normed with the WAIS-IV, its Index scores can be compared to the ____-_ ____ ____ ____ to determine If an examinee’s memory is consistent with their general level of ____ ____. The test manual includes information on test results for members of ____ ____, including individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and schizophrenia.

Answer 21

WAIS-IV General Ability Index; Cognitive Functioning; Specific Groups

Question 22

The ____ ____ ____ ____ (MMSE) was developed as a screening test for cognitive impairment for older adults. While it is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool for ____, it was not developed for that purpose and should not be used as a substitute for a thorough clinical assessment.

Answer 22

Mini Mental State Exam; Dementia

Question 23

The MMSE’s items assess six aspects of cognitive functioning: ____, ____ (immediate recall), ____ and ____. ____ ____, ____, and ____ ____. The maximum score is 30, and a score of 23 or 24 is ordinarily used as a cutoff, with scores below the cutoff indicating ____ ____.

Answer 23

Orientation Registration, Attention and Calculation, Delayed Recall, Language, and Visual Construction; Cognitive Impairment

Question 24

Because the MMSE relies heavily on verbal responses, reading, and writing, it must be used with caution with individuals who have limited ____ ____, a ____ ____. or a ____ or ____ ____. The MMSE was revised in 2010 to improve its usefulness for patients with milder forms of ____ ____ and includes three versions: MMSE-2 Standard Version, MMSE-2 Brief Version, and MMSE-2 Expanded Version, which is useful for individuals with ____ ____ or age-related ____ ____.

Answer 24

English Skills; Communication Disorder; Visual or Hearing Impairment; Cognitive Impairment; Subcortical Dementia; Cognitive Changes

Question 25

The ____ ____ ____ is used to assess level of consciousness following brain injury and involves rating the patient in terms of three responses: ____ ____ (eye opening), ____ ____ ____, and ____ ____ ____. A patient’s score can range from 3 to 15, with a lower score indicating more severe ____ ____ and a score of 3 to 8 indicating an ____ ____.

Answer 25

Glasgow Coma Scale; Visual Response, Best Motor Response, and Best Verbal Response; Brain Injury; Unconscious State

Question 26

The ____ ____ of ____ ____ was developed at the Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center in California as a measure of cognitive recovery during the first weeks to months following a head injury.

Answer 26

Rancho Scale of Cognitive Functioning

Question 27

The Rancho scale was subsequently revised to include two additional levels of functioning and now involves rating the patient in terms of ten levels:

Answer 27

Level 1 — No Response; Level Il — Generalized Response; Level Ill — Localized Response; Level IV — Confused/Agitated; Level V — Confused/inappropriate Non-Agitated; Level VI— Confused/Appropriate; Level VII — Automatic/Appropriate; Level VIII — Purposeful/Appropriate; Level IX — Purposeful/Appropriate; Level X — Purposeful/Appropriate

Question 28

As examples, a person receiving a ____ _ rating is confused and disoriented, is unable to perform activities of daily living without assistance, may exhibit bizarre, non-purposeful behavior, and is unable to cooperate with treatment efforts, while a person receiving a ____ _ rating is oriented to and place in familiar environments, needs minimal supervision for performing routine activities, exhibits some deficits in judgment, abstract reasoning, and other aspects of intellectual functioning, and may be oppositional and uncooperative.

Answer 28

Level IV; Level VIII

Question 29

Measures to facilitate the diagnosis of depression include the ____ ____ ____ of ____, ____ ____ ____, and the ____ ____ ____. Probably the best-known and widely used measure is the ____ ____ ____-_.

Answer 29

Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression; Geriatric Depression Scale; Children’s Depression Inventory; Beck Depression Inventory-II

Question 30

The Beck Depression Inventory-II consists of 21 items that address the mood, codrive, behavioral, and physical aspects of depression and requires the examinee to rate each item in terms of ____ on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 to 3. The following score guidelines are usually used: 0 to 13 = ____ ____; 14 to 19 = ____ ____; 20 to 28 = ____ ____; and 29 to 63 ____ ____. The BDI-II is often re-administered periodically during treatment to ____ ____ and guide ____ ____.

Answer 30

Severity; Minimal Depression; Mild Depression; Moderate Depression; Severe Depression; Monitor Changes; Treatment Decisions

Question 31

Tests available to assess suicide risk include the ____ ____ ____ (BHS) and the ____ ____ for ____ ____ (BSI). Development of the BHS was based on research showing that ____ is an accurate predictor of suicidal ideation and behavior. It contains 20 true-false items that assess the person’s ____ ____ ____ the ____. The BSI consists of 21 items that describe various aspects of ____ ____ (e.g., suicidal plans, deterrents to suicide, attitudes toward suicide) which the examinee rates in terms of ____.

Answer 31

Beck Hopelessness Scale; Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation; Hopelessness; Negative Beliefs About the Future; Suicidal Ideation; Severity

Question 32

The diagnosis of ____ ____/____ ____ (___) incorporates a number of techniques and informants. The assessment often begins with a ____-____ ____ that assesses general behavioral and psychological functioning and helps distinguish ADHD from other disorders. These include the ____ ____ ____ for ____, ____ ____ (BASC-2) and the ____ ____ ____ (CBCL).

Answer 32

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); Broad-Band Scale; Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, and the Child Behavior Checklist

Question 33

____-____ ____ are then used to obtain detailed information on the individual’s symptoms to confirm the diagnosis and facilitate treatment planning and evaluation. The ___ ____ ____ _ and ____ ____ ____ ____ ____, ____ ____ (ADDES-III) include a list of symptoms that parallel those presented in the DSM for this disorder, while other narrow-band scales focus on ____ ____.

Answer 33

Narrow-Band Scales; ADHD Rating Scale IV and Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scales, Third Edition; Specific Symptoms

Question 34

The ____ ____-____ ____ ____ is used to assess behavioral inhibition (impulse control) and the ____ ____ ____ ____, ____ ____ (CPT-3) is used to evaluate changes in attention over time.

Answer 34

Stroop Color-Word Association Test; Conners’ Continuous Performance Test, Third Edition

Question 35

A number of measures are available to assist in the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder including the ____ ____ ____ ____, ____ ____ (CARS2), the ____ ____ ____ (ABC), and the ____ ____ ____-____ (ADI-R). Specific cognitive abilities can be evaluated with the ____-____ or ____ or, for children who are mute, minimally verbal, or deaf, the ____-_.

Answer 35

Child Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition, the Autism Behavior Checklist, and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; Stanford-Binet or WISC; Leiter-3

Question 36

Children with autism tend to find ____ ____ (small parts within a whole figure) ____ than peers without the disorder on the Embedded Figures Test, which is a measure field dependence/independence. In contrast, children with autism do more poorly on measures of certain aspects of ____ ____, especially measures evaluating the ability to understand the ____ ____ of other people.

Answer 36

Embedded Figures Faster; Social Cognition; Mental States

Question 37

The development of measures to assist in the diagnosis of Intellectual Disability is attributable to several factors including the ____ ____ on ____ and ____ ____ (AAIDD) and ___ ____ for this disorder, which include impaired ____ and ____ ____. Another influence on the assessment of individuals with Intellectual Disability (as well as learning, emotional, or physical disabilities) is the ____ with ____ ____ ____ (IDEA) which began as PL 94-142 (Education of the Handicapped Act) and has since been revised several times.

Answer 37

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disability; DSM Criteria; Intellectual and Adaptive Functioning; Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Question 38

IDEA requires the following: All disabled people from infancy to 21 years of age must be evaluated by a ____ of ____ to determine their specific needs. An ____ ____ ____ (IEP) must be developed for each disabled child enrolled in the public education system that provides education for the student in the “____ ____ ____” and that has been approved by the child’s ____. While reliable, valid, and nondiscriminatory psychological and educational tests may be used, assignment to special education classes cannot be made on the basis of ___ ____ only.

Answer 38

Team of Specialists; Specific Needs; An Individualized Education Program (IEP); Least Restrictive Environment; Parents; IQ Tests

Question 39

Relevant to identifying children with Intellectual Disability is the 1979 case of ____ _. v. ____, which was brought by the plaintiffs on behalf of African American children who were overrepresented in special education classes in the San Francisco public school system. Based primarily on the testimony of experts, the judge handed down the opinion that “IQ tests are ____ and ____ biased, [and] have a ____ ____ on ____ ____ “ and that enjoined San Francisco public schools from using them to place Black children in special education classes.

Answer 39

Larry P. v. Riles; Racially and Culturally; Discriminatory Impact on Black Children

Question 40

The ____ ____ ____ ____, ____ ____ (Vineland-Il) is used to evaluate personal and social skills of children and adults with Intellectual Disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, brain injury, or dementia and to assist in the development of ____ and ____ ____. It is appropriate for individuals from birth to age 90. The test provides an ____ ____ ____ ____, scores for three domains of ____ ____ (Communication, Daily Living Skills, and Socialization) and scores on a ____ ____ ____ and optional ____ ____ ____.

Answer 40

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition; Educational and Treatment Plans; Adaptive Behavior Composite Score; Adaptive Functioning; Motor Skills Domain; Maladaptive Behavior Index

Question 41

The ___ ____ ____ ____ assess adaptive functioning in five areas — personal self-sufficiency, community self-sufficiency, personal-social responsibility, social adjustment, and personal adjustment. There are two versions of the test: The ____ ____ ____-____ (Second Edition) was designed for individuals ages 3:0 to 18: 11, while the ____ ____ ____-____ and ____ (Second Edition) is appropriate for those ages 18:0 and older.

Answer 41

AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scales; Adaptive Behavior Scale-School; Adaptive Behavior Scale-Residential and Community

Question 42

____ is a conscious effort by an individual to fabricate or exaggerate psychological or physical symptoms for the purpose of obtaining an external reward — e.g., to receive medication, disability payments or unemployment insurance, or compensation in a personal injury case or to reduce the penalty in a criminal case.

Answer 42

Malingering

Question 43

Malingering should be suspected when there are ____ between (a) the individual’s ____ or ____ scores, (b) ____ ____ of the individual and their ____ ____, and/or (c) ____ ____ directly from the ____ and from ____ ____. Malingering is also suggested by certain scores on the ____ ____ of the ___-_ and on measures designed to detect this type of responding.

Answer 43

Inconsistencies; Test or Subtest; Behavioral Observations; Test Results; Information Obtained; Individual; Collateral Sources; Validity Scales; MMPI-2

Question 44

Symptom validity tests use a forced-choice format and compare an individual’s responses to ____ ____. If the individual answers less than 50% of items correctly (the percent expected to be answered correctly by chance alone), this suggests that he/she has ____ ____ ____ ____.

Answer 44

Chance Responding; Deliberately Chosen Incorrect Answers

Question 45

The (1) ____ is used to identify brain damage and determine its severity and possible location and produces an Impairment Index that ranges from (2) ____. The Bender-Gestalt Il is a measure of (3) ____ integration that is also used as a screening device for (4) ____. Administration involves two phases — the copy phase and the (5) ____ phase.

Answer 45

(1) H-R (Halstead-Reitan); (2) 0 to 1.0; (3) visual-motor; (4) neuropsychological impairment; (5) recall

Question 46

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Test, and Tower of London are all sensitive to (6) ____ lobe damage. The Stroop Test evaluates the examinee’s ability to suppress a (7) ____ response. The Mini Mental State Exam is administered to older adults as a screening test for (8) ____ and assesses six aspects of functioning — orientation, registration, attention and calculation, delayed recall, language, and (9) ____.

Answer 46

(6) frontal; (7) prepotent; (8) cognitive impairment; (9) visual construction

Question 47

The Glasgow Coma Scale is used to assess consciousness following brain injury and involves rating the patient in terms of three responses — i.e., (10) ____________. The (11) ____ of Cognitive Functioning Revised is used to assess recovery during the first few weeks to months following a head injury and involves rating the patient in terms of ten levels.

Answer 47

(10) visual response, best motor response, and best verbal response; (11) Rancho Scale

Question 48

The Beck Depression Inventory includes 21 items that measure various aspects of depression. A score between (12) ____ suggests severe depression. Of the signs of depression, (13) ____ is considered to be one of the best predictors of suicide risk. Assessment for ADHD often begins with a (14) ____ scale (e.g., BASC, CBCL) to distinguish ADHD from other Disorders.

Answer 48

(12) 29 and 63; (13) hopelessness; (14) broad-band

Question 49

Influences on the assessment of Intellectual Disability include the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which requires that students with disabilities be provided with education in the (15) ____ environment and that an (16) ____ be developed for each disabled student enrolled in a public school. In the case of (17) ____, the court concluded that IQ tests must not be used to place African American students in special education classes.

Answer 49

(15) least restrictive; (16) Individualized Education Program (IEP); (17) Larry P. v. Riles

Question 50

The Vineland-Il is used to evaluate the (18) ____ of individuals who have Intellectual Disability, ADHD, brain injury, or dementia. Malingering is suggested by certain scores on the (19) ____ scales of the MMPI-2 and on measures designed to detect this type of responding such as symptom validity tests, which use a (20) ____ format and compare an individual’s responses to chance responding.

Answer 50

(18) personal and social skills (adaptive behavior); (19) validity; (20) forced-choice