Physical Development and Health

Question 1

Although ____ ____ is rapid during the prenatal period, the brain is only about _% of its adult weight at birth. The brain grows very quickly following birth, and, by the time the child is __ years of age, it has reached nearly _% of its adult weight. This growth is due less to the addition of new neurons than to an increase in the ____ between ____ (____) and the formation of ____ ____, which are responsible for the myelination of nerve fibers.

Answer 1

Brain Development; 25%; Two; 80%; Interconnections; Neurons (Synaptogenesis); Formation of Glial Cells

Question 2

The brain continues to ____ throughout childhood and adolescence and reaches its full adult weight ____ or ____ ____ _. During its development, the brain initially produces more ____ than it ____, but ____ ____ are subsequently ____ through the process of ____ ____.

Answer 2

Grow; On or Before Age 16; Interconnections; Uses; Unused Synapses; Eliminated; Synaptic Pruning

Question 3

While the lower centers of the brain are sufficiently developed at birth to control the ____-____ ____, the ____ — which is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, language, spatial skills, and complex motor activities — is almost completely ____.

Answer 3

Life-Maintaining Reflexes; Cerebral Cortex; Undeveloped

Question 4

During the first few months of life, the ____ ____ and ____ ____ of the cortex undergo ____ ____, while the ____ ____ continues to mature through ____ and ____ and may not be fully developed until the ____ or ____-___.

Answer 4

Primary Motor and Sensory Areas; Substantial Development; Prefrontal Cortex; Childhood and Adolescence; Early or Mid-20s

Question 5

____ ____ reflects the ____ (head to tail) and ____ (center to extremities) ____ that characterizes all ____ ___: The areas of the cortex that ____ ____ of the ____ and ____, for instance, develop before the areas that govern movement of the ____.

Answer 5

Cortical Development; Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Pattern; Physical Growth; Control Movement of Head and Trunk; Limbs

Question 6

By about ____ _, the brain starts to gradually ____ as the result of the ____ of ____, and there is an acceleration of this ____ ____ ____ ____ _. Atrophy is most apparent in the ____ ____ (especially the prefrontal cortex), followed by the ____ and ____ ____, and then the ____ ____.

Answer 6

Age 30; Shrink; Atrophy of Neurons; Cell Death After Age 60; Frontal Lobes; Parietal and Temporal Lobes; Occipital Lobes

Question 7

Other changes in the aging brain include –

Answer 7

the development of senile plaques, enlargement of the ventricles, reduced blood flow to the brain, and a decrease in the level of some neurotransmitter.

Question 8

The brain attempts to ____ for ____ ____ by forming ________________________ and possibly other areas of the brain.

Answer 8

Compensate for Neuronal Loss; New Synaptic Connection and Neural Pathways and by Creating New Neurons (Neurogenesis) in the Hippocampus

Question 9

____ are unlearned responses to stimuli in the environment. Some ____ ____ are: ____- Toes fan out and upward when soles of the feet are tickled. ____- Turns head in the direction of touch applied to the cheek. ____- Flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support. ____- Makes coordinated walking movement when help upright with feet touching flat surface.

Answer 9

Reflexes; Early Reflexes; Babinski; Rooting; Moro (Startle); Stepping (Walking)

Question 10

Several techniques are used to study ____ in ____, and the optimal technique depends on the child’s age: ____-____ ____ is especially useful for studying the perceptual abilities of infants aged I to 4 months, ____ is used with infants aged 12 weeks and older, ____ ____ is an appropriate measure for those aged 5.5 to 12 months of age, and ____ and ____ ____ are considered useful across a wide range of ages.

Answer 10

Perception in Newborns; High-Amplitude Sucking; Reaching; Head Turning; Heart and Respiration Rates

Question 11

Habituation and dishabituation are two of the strategies researchers use to evaluate the ____ and ____ of newborns. ____ occurs when the infant’s response to a stimulus decreases when the stimulus is repeatedly presented, while ____ occurs when the infant’s responsivity increases following a change in a stimulus.

Answer 11

Perception and Cognition; Habituation; Dishabituation

Question 12

Of the senses, ____ is least well developed at birth. At birth, the newborn sees at 20 feet what normal adults see at about _ to _ ____; but, by about ___ ____, the infant’s visual acuity is probably very close to that of a normal adult. There is evidence of ____ ____ ____ by ___ ____ of age and some degree of ____ ____ by ___ to ___ ____.

Answer 12

Vision; 200 to 400 Feet; Six Months; Limited Color Vision by Two Months; Depth Perception by Four to Six Months

Question 13

Research on the development of depth perception has shown that ____ to ____ ____ emerges in a ____ ____ i.e., babies are first sensitive to ____ ____, then ____ ____, and finally ____ ____.

Answer 13

Sensitivity to Depth Cues; Predictable Sequence; Kinetic Cues; Binocular Cues; Pictorial Cues

Question 14

Regarding specific types of visual stimuli, newborns prefer to look at ____-____ ____ (e.g., a bold black-and-white checkerboard), and their preference for ____ ____ ____ ____ with ____ ____. Newborns also begin to prefer looking at ____ by ___ to ___ ____ after birth; and, by ___ ____, they prefer the face of their ____ over the face of an ____ ____.

Answer 14

High-Contrast Patterns; More Complex Patterns Increases with Increasing Age; Faces by Two to Five Days; Two Months; Mother; Unfamiliar Woman

Question 15

____: The fetus hears sounds in the uterus during the last months of development, and newborns are only ____ ____ ____ to sound intensity than adults. Some ____ ____ (the ability to orient toward the direction of a sound) is evident ____ ____ ____. seems to disappear between ___ and ___ ____, and then reappears and improves during the rest of the ____ ____.

Answer 15

Audition; Slightly Less Sensitive; Auditory Localization; Shortly After Birth; Two and Four Months; First Year

Question 16

By ___ ____, infants not only distinguish between ____ ____ but also prefer the sound of their ____ ____. Infants are particularly sensitive to speech sounds and, a few ____ ____ ____, can distinguish between the vowels “” and “” and, by ___ or ___ ____, between similar ____ _____.

Answer 16

Three Months; Different Voices; Mother’s Voice; Days After Birth; A and I; Two or Three Months; Consonant Sounds

Question 17

Newborns are responsive to different ____ and ____. Within ____ ____ ____. their facial expressions show that they can differentiate between ____ and ____ ____ and have a definite preference for ____ ____.

Answer 17

Tastes and Odors; Hours After Birth; Sweet and Nonsweet Tastes; Sweet Liquids

Question 18

The research has confirmed that newborns are sensitive to ____. For example, male newborns who are circumcised without anesthesia often react with a loud cry, a facial grimace, and an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension. There is also evidence that exposure to ____ ____ as a newborn can impact later reactions.

Answer 18

Pain; Severe Pain

Question 19

Taddio and colleagues (1997) found that newborns who were not given anesthesia during circumcision had a ____ ____ ____ than those who received anesthesia when given a ____ ____ four to six months later. Also, based on a review of the research, Taddio and Katz (2005) conclude that full-term infants who undergo ____ ____ ____ during infancy later exhibit ____ ____ to ____, while preterm infants who experience these procedures may exhibit ____ ____ to pain later in infancy.

Answer 19

More Adverse Reaction; Routine Vaccination; Painful Medical Procedures; Heightened Responsivity to Pain; Reduced Reactivity

Question 20

____ ____: Note that the ages at which these ____ are reached vary considerably from ____ to ____ and that the experts often report somewhat ____ ____.

Answer 20

Early Milestones; Milestones; Child to Child; Different Ages

Question 21

- ____: Able to raise chin from ground and turn head from side-to-side; by the ____ ____, can play with hands and fingers and brings objects in hand to mouth.

Answer 21

1-3 Months; Third Month

Question 22

- ____: By _ ____, roils from abdomen to back; at _ ____, sits on lap and reaches and 4-asps; at _ ____, sits alone and stands with help; first teeth appear at _ to _ ____.

Answer 22

4-6 Monts; 4 Months; 5 Months; 6 Months; 5 to 9 Months

Question 23

- ____: Shows increasingly good coordination; at _ to _ ____, sits alone without support and begins crawling and creeping. At _ to _ ____, pulls self to standing by holding furniture.

Answer 23

7-9 Months; 8 to 9 Months; 9 to 10 Months

Question 24

- ____: At _ to _ ____, stands alone and walks with help; at about _ ____, takes first steps alone.

Answer 24

10-12 Months; 10 to 11 Months; 12 Months

Question 25

- ____: By _ to _ ____, walks alone with a wide-based gait; by _ ____, creeps up stairs, scribbles spontaneously, and uses cup well.

Answer 25

13-15 Months; 13 to 14 Months; 15 Months

Question 26

- ____: By _ ____, runs clumsily, walks upstairs with handheld, and can use a spoon; by _ ____, goes up and down stairs alone, kicks ball, turns pages of a book, and 50% of children use the toilet during the day.

Answer 26

16-24 Months; 18 Months; 24 Months

Question 27

- ____: At _ ____, jumps with both feet and has good hand-finger coordination; by _ ____. rides tricycle, dresses and undresses with simple clothing, and is usually completely toilet trained; by _ ____, exhibits a stable preference for the right or left hand

Answer 27

25-48 Months; 30 Months; 36 Months; 48 Months

Question 28

The ____ of ____ ____: Research investigating the impact of practice on motor development has found that, while ____ ____ can ____ the age at which babies first exhibit certain ____ ____ ____, these effects do not ____ to other skills.

Answer 28

The Effects of Early Training; Early Training; Accelerate; Basic Motor Skills; Generalize

Question 29

____ ____ as the result of ____ ____ does not affect the at which a baby is able to climb stairs. Also, over time, children who receive early training in basic motor skills become ____ from those who do not. However, early training in ____ ____ — such as playing tennis or a musical instrument — does appear to improve an individual’s ____ regarding those skills ____ in ____.

Answer 29

Walking Early; Special Training; Indistinguishable; Complex Skills; Proficiency; Later in Life

Question 30

____ ____ in ____ ____ become apparent in middle childhood: ____ are more ____ ____ than same-aged boys and are superior in skills requiring flexibility, agility, and balance, while ____ are superior in physical skills that require strength and gross-motor abilities.

Answer 30

Gender Differences in Motor Development; Girls; Physically Mature; Boys

Question 31

Beginning in ____ ____, the ____ between boys and girls ____ ____, with boys excelling on most measures of ____ ____. Some experts attribute the gender disparity to differences in ____ ____: The research has found a correlation between ____ of ____ ____ and ____ ____ for both boys and girls; and with increasing maturity, girls develop a higher proportion of ____ ____, while the opposite is true for ____.

Answer 31

Early Adolescence; Disparity; Increases Substantially; Motor Ability; Adipose (Fatty) Tissue; Proportion of Adipose Tissue and Motor Performance; Fat (Versus Fat-Free) Mass; Boys

Question 32

____ ____ in ____: The adolescent growth spurt begins at about age _ to _ for ____ and _ to _ for ____. This period of rapid growth lasts for ___ or ___ ____, with girls reaching close to full stature by ____ _ and ____ by ____ _. The ____ ____ signals the beginning of puberty, during which the ____ ____ ____ ____ and become ____ ____ and the ____ ____ ____ appear.

Answer 32

Physical Maturation in Adolescence; 11 to 12 for Girls and 13 to 14 for Boys; Three or Four Years; Age 15 and Boys by Age 17; Growth Spurt; Primary Sex Organs Enlarge; Functionally Mature; Secondary Sex Characteristics

Question 33

Research has found that early and late ____ ____ in ____ is associated with various consequences.

Answer 33

Physical Maturation in Adolescence

Question 34

For ____, early maturation has mixed consequences. It has been linked to several benefits including ____ ____ with peers and ____ ____ ____ but also to ____ with ____ ____ and increased risk for ____ and ____ ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 34

Boys; Greater Popularity; Superior Athletic Skill; Dissatisfaction with Body Image; Drug and Alcohol Use, Delinquency, and Depression

Question 35

____ -____ ____ are viewed by others as being more “____,” and they tend to exhibit more ____ -____ ____ and have ____ ____ -____. Like early maturing boys, they are also more susceptible to ____ than their on-time maturing peers.

Answer 35

Late-Maturing Boys; Childish; Attention-Seeking Behaviors; Less Self-Confidence; Depression

Question 36

____-____ ____ also experience some adverse effects as the result of being treated like “____ ____ “ and are Often dissatisfied with their physical appearance. However, they tend to outperform their peers in terms of ____ ____.

Answer 36

Late-Maturing Girls; Little Girls; Academic Achievement

Question 37

In general, the negative consequences of early or late maturation are most severe when adolescents perceive themselves to ____ from ____ ____. Also, by adulthood, many of the adverse effects of are early fairly or indistinguishable late maturation have ____ ____ so that early-, late-. and average-maturers are ____.

Answer 37

Differ from Their Peers; Largely Disappointed; Indistinguishable

Question 38

Increasing age is accompanied by several changes in ____ and ____ ____, although the of change varies from person to person.

Answer 38

Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning

Question 39

Most adults notice some inability to focus on ____ ____ (____) around age _; and, after age _, most experience ____ ____ that interfere with reading, driving, and other aspects of daily life. These age-related changes include loss of ____ ____, reduced perception of ____ and ____, increased ____ ____, and deficits in ____ ____, ____ ____ (perceiving the details of moving objects), and speed of ____ ____.

Answer 39

Close Objects (Presbyopia); 40; 65; Visual Changes; Visual Acuity; Depth and Color; Light Sensitivity; Visual Search; Dynamic Vision; Visual Processing

Question 40

____: Many adults experience problems with hearing by age _. However, the majority do not have significant hearing loss until after age _; and, among individuals between _ and _, at least _% have hearing deficits that ____ with ____ ____. The biggest problem is a decreasing ability to perceive ____ -____ ____, which tends to occur earlier in ____ than in ____ and makes it difficult to understand ____ ____, especially when there is competing noise.

Answer 40

Audition; 40; 75; 75; 79; 50%; Interfere with Daily Functioning; High-Frequency Sounds; Men; Woman; Human Speech

Question 41

____, ____, and ____ ____: Aging is associated with declines in ____ and ____, less efficient ____ ____, and increased ____ ____. Regarding the latter, one of the most consistent findings is that normal aging is accompanied by ____ ____ which affects ____ and ____ ____ and adversely impacts performance on variety of ____, ____, and ____ ____.

Answer 41

Strength, Coordination, and Reaction Time; Strength and Endurance; Sensorimotor Control; Reaction Time; Behavioral Slowing; Motor and Mental Abilities; Sensorimotor, Perceptual, and Cognitive Tasks

Question 42

____ ____ in ____ ____: Research data consistently support the contention that ____ are biologically more vulnerable than ____. For example, more males are ____ or spontaneously ____, and a higher percentage of male infants die of congenital malformations or birth injuries.

Answer 42

Gender Differences in Biological Vulnerability; Males; Females; Stillborn; Aborted

Question 43

Males are more vulnerable than females to disorders that have been linked to ____ ____ including many ____ ____ (e.g., heart disease, cancer, and diabetes) as well as _______________________.

Answer 43

Biological Factors; Physical Illnesses; Intellectual Disability, Learning Disabilities, and Certain Behavioral Disorders

Question 44

____ ____ in ____: There is some evidence that children who have chronic health problems are at higher risk for both ____ and ____ ____, although most do not actually meet the criteria for a formal ____ ____. The studies have also found that several factors correlate with more ____ ____ for these children: ____ ____ is one of the best predictors, with ____ ____ ____ (especially low functional impairment) being associated with better overall psychological adjustment.

Answer 44

Chronic Illness in Children; Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms; DSM Diagnosis; Positive Outcomes; Illness Severity; Less Serious Illness

Question 45

Other factors predictive of good adjustment include ____ ____ ____, a ____ -____ ____, little ____ ____, and healthy ____ ____. There is also evidence that children with cancer, HIV infection, and other life-threatening illnesses have better psychological outcomes when they are given ____ and ____ ____ ____ about their illness in its early stages.

Answer 45

Higher Socioeconomic Status; Two-Parent Family; Visible Disfiguration; Parental Adjustment; Accurate and Developmentally Appropriate Information

Question 46

Data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (USDHHS, 2013) indicate that, among youth ages 12 to 17, rates of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use have ____ in recent years: In 2013, 11.6% of individuals in this age group reported drinking alcohol in the past month; 7.8% reported using tobacco products; and 8.8% reported using illicit drugs, with the highest percentage reporting the use of ____ (7.1%).

Answer 46

Declined; Marijuana

Question 47

Several factors have been linked to ____ ____ ____ ____ adolescents. For example, the results of Shedler and Block’s (1990) longitudinal study of youngsters from ages 3 to 18 indicated that adolescents who were frequent users of drugs often exhibited a ____ ____ that was first evident as early as ____ ____ and was characterized by a sense of ____, ____, ____, and ____ ____.

Answer 47

Problem Drug Use Among; Coherent Syndrome; Age Seven; Alienation, Impulsivity, Indecisiveness, and Subjective Distress

Question 48

Other studies have identified several ____ and ____ factors that are associated with an increased risk for adolescent drug abuse, including _______________________________.

Answer 48

Demographic and Environmental; Male Gender, Low SES, Physical or Sexual Abuse, and Low Parental Warmth and Involvement

Question 49

According to the “________ _______,” the abuse of illicit drugs by adolescents often begins with early use of gateway drugs (first tobacco and alcohol and then marijuana), which is followed by the use of cocaine, methamphetamines, and/or other illicit drugs.

Answer 49

Gateway Hypothesis

Question 50

The research has generally confirmed that sexual activity in ____ -____ and ____ is a good predictor of ____ ____ in ____ ____.

Answer 50

Mid-Life; Earlier; Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood

Question 51

Landau et al. (2007) found that sexually active adults 57 to 85 years of age reported a ____ of ____ ____ similar to the frequency reported in an earlier study of adults ages 18 to 59. However, their survey results also indicated that the number of older adults identifying themselves as “sexually active” ____ with ____ ____ – e.g., 73% of respondents aged 57 to 64, 53% of respondents aged 65 to 74, and 26% of respondents aged 75 to 85 reported engaging in sexual activity with a partner in the previous year.

Answer 51

Frequency of Sexual Activity; Decreased with Increasing Age

Question 52

Research investigating factors associated with sexual activity in older adults has found that men and women both report ____ ____ ____ in ____ as a primary reason for a lack of sexual activity and that the ____ of a ____ ____ is also a frequently cited reason, especially by ____.

Answer 52

Physical Health Problems in Men; Lack of a Sexual Partner; Women

Question 53

In terms of satisfaction with sexual activity, a survey of adults ages _ and over by the National Council on Aging (1998) found that _% of all respondents and _% of respondents with current sex partners said their current sex life was either ____ ____ ____ or ____ compared to when they were in their 40s, with a somewhat larger percentage of ____ than ____ expressing these positive views.

Answer 53

60; 43%; 61%; Physically More Satisfying or Unchanged; Men; Women

Question 54

_% of all respondents said their current sex life was either ____ ____ ____ or ____ compared to when they were in their 40s, with a larger percentage of ____ than ____ also expressing these opinions.

Answer 54

50%; More Emotionally Satisfying or Unchanged; Men; Women

Question 55

At birth, the brain is only about 25% of its adult weight; but, following birth, it grows quickly and, by age 2, it has reached about 1) ____ of its adult weight. This growth is due less to the addition of new neurons than to an increase in interconnections between neurons and the formation of 2) ____ cells, which are responsible for the myelination of nerve fibers. While the lower centers of the brain are sufficiently developed at birth to control the life-maintaining reflexes, the 3) ____ is almost completely undeveloped, and the 4) ____ cortex may not be fully developed until the early or mid-20s. The brain compensates for the atrophy of neurons in adulthood by forming new synaptic connections and creating new neurons in the 5) ____ and possibly other areas of the brain.

Answer 55

(l) 80%; (2) glial; (3) cerebral cortex; (4) prefrontal; (5) hippocampus

Question 56

Reflexes present in the newborn include the 6) ____ reflex, which occurs when the soles of the feet are tickled, and the 7) ____ reflex, which occurs in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support. By about 8) ____ of age, an infant’s visual acuity is close to that of normal adults. With regard to visual stimuli, newborns prefer to look at 9) ____ patterns. In terms of hearing, newborns are only slightly less sensitive to sound intensity than adults, and auditory 10) ____ is evident following birth but seems to disappear between two and four months and then improves during the rest of the first year. There is evidence that full-term infants who undergo painful medical procedures during infancy later exhibit 11) ____ responsivity to pain.

Answer 56

6) Babinski; (7) Moro; (8) six months; (9) high-contrast; (10) localization; (11) heightened

Question 57

At about 12) ____ months of age, Children are able to pull themselves to standing while holding onto furniture; by 13) ____ months, they take their first steps alone. At around 14) ____ months of age about of children use the toilet during the day, and by 15) ____, most children exhibit a stable preference for the right or left hand.

Answer 57

(12) 9 to 10; (13) 12; (14) 24; (15) 4 years

Question 58

Gender differences in motor development become apparent in middle childhood when girls become superior in terms of 16) ____, while boys become superior in terms of strength and gross motor skills. For adolescent boys, 17) ____ physical maturation has been linked to greater popularity with peers and superior athletic skill as well as to increased risk for drug and alcohol use, delinquency, and depression. For girls, 18) ____ physical maturation is associated with a number of negative consequences including low academic achievement, drug and alcohol abuse, and increased risk for developing depression or an eating disorder.

Answer 58

(16) flexibility, ability, and balance; (17) early; (18) early

Question 59

Increasing age is associated with a number of changes in sensory and psychomotor functioning. Common changes in vision include 19) ____ (an inability to focus on close objects), loss of visual acuity, reduced depth and color perception, and increased 20) ____ sensitivity. One Of the most consistent findings is that normal aging is accompanied by behavioral 21) ____ which adversely affects performance on a variety of sensorimotor, perceptual, and cognitive tasks.

Answer 59

(19) presbyopia; (20) light; (21) slowing

Question 60

One of the best predictors of a child’s successful adjustment to a chronic illness is 22) ____ (especially level of functional impairment). There is also evidence that children with cancer and other life-threatening illnesses have better psychological outcomes when they are given accurate and 23) ____ appropriate information about their illness. Survey results for 2013 indicate that, among youth 12 to 17 years of age, 8.8% reported using 24) ____ in the past month, while 11.6% reported using 25) ____ Surveys of older adults indicate that men and women both report 26) ____ as a primary reason for a lack of sexual activity.

Answer 60

(22) illness severity; (23) developmentally; (24) an illicit drug; (25) alcohol; (26) physical health problems in men