Neurobehavioral, Psychophysiological, and Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
____ ____ ____ (___) is also known as traumatic head injury and cerebral trauma and refers to an injury to the brain that is caused by an external force and that involves temporary or permanent impairments in cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and/or physical functioning. TBI may be the result of a ____ - or ____ -____ ____.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI); Closed- or Open-Head Injury
A ____ -____ ____ results from a nonpenetrating blow to the head and often includes injury to the brain at the site of the blow (“____ “) as well as bruising on the opposite side of the brain that occurs when the force of the blow pushes against the opposite side of the skull (“____ “). The brain may also be affected by ____ (bleeding) and ____ (collection of fluid around the damaged tissue).
Closed-Head Injury; Coup; Contrecoup; Hemorrhage; Edma
A closed-head injury usually causes an ____ or ____ of ____ and some degree of ____ and ____ ____.
Alteration or Loss of Consciousness; Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia
An ____ -____ ____ occurs when the skull is penetrated (e.g., by gunshot). In contrast to a closed-head injury, an open-head injury does not usually cause a loss of consciousness and produces more ____ ____ and more highly ____ ____.
Open-Head Injury; Localized Damage; Specific Symptoms
The ____ of ____ of TBI is determined by considering several factors, including the person’s initial score on the ____ ____ ____ (___), the duration of the ____ ____ (___), and the duration of the ____ of ____ (___).
Level of Severity; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); Posttraumatic Amnesia (PTA); Loss of Consciousness (LOC)
____ ____ of ___: Cognitive deficits following TBI are common and include an ____ of ____, ____, ____ ____, and impaired speed-of-processing, attention, and executive functions.
Cognitive Consequences of TBI; Alteration of Consciousness, Disorientation, Memory Impairment
____ of ____: Many (but not all) individuals with TBI experience an ____ or ____ of ____ that may last for only a few seconds to minutes or persist for a long period of time.
Alteration of Consciousness; Alteration or Loss of Consciousness
Level of consciousness immediately following the injury is one of the factors that is used as a ____ of ____ and may be assessed with the Glasgow Coma Scale. It is often defined in terms of six levels: ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____.
Predictor of Recovery; Conscious, Confused, Delirious, Obtunded, Stuporous, and Comatose
____ is a common consequence of moderate to severe TBI and is usually the result of diffuse cerebral injury. The research has found that most patients exhibiting disorientation show a similar pattern of recovery, with orientation to ____ occurring first, followed by ____ and then ____.
Disorientation; Person; Place; Time
____ ____ following TBI often includes both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. The term ____ ____ (___) is usually used to refer to post-injury anterograde amnesia, and its duration has been found to be a good predictor of the persistence of cognitive, motor, personality, and other types of symptoms caused by the injury. For example, in one study, 80% Of patients with a duration of less than two weeks experienced ____ ____ compared to only 46% of patients with a PTA duration of four to six weeks.
Memory Impairment; Posttraumatic Amnesia (PTA); Good Recovery
Many patients with TBI also exhibit some degree of ____ ____ with recent memories being affected more than remote memories. For these patients, recovery of long-term memories usually involves a “____ ____ ____ “ in which the most remote memories return first.
Retrograde Amnesia; Shrinking Retrograde Amnesia
____ from ___ is moderated by a number of factors including the severity of the injury and the individual’s age, gender, socioeconomic status, and pre-injury physical and mental functioning. In addition, research has linked less favorable outcomes to ____ factors, especially the presence of allele e4 on the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene.
Recovery from TBI; Genetic
For many patients (especially those with mild TBI), the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the ____ ____ ____, with considerable additional recovery occurring through the ____ ____.
First Three Months; First Year
____ ____ (___) refers to a pattern of somatic and psychological symptoms that occur in up to 50% or more of individuals who have experienced a mild brain injury. ____ ____ ____ of ___ are headache, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, and drowsiness. ____ ____ include insomnia and fatigue; tinnitus; cognitive impairment (especially in memory, attention, concentration, and information processing speed); and irritability, depression, or anxiety.
Postconcussional Syndrome (PCS); Common Initial Symptoms of PCS; Subsequent Symptoms
The extent to which PCS is due to ____ and/or ____ ____ continues to be debated, but the experts generally agree that, in most cases, it is due to a ____ of ____. ____ ____ ____ is the primary organic factor that has been linked to PCS; while psychological factors include the individual’s ____ ____ of the injury, premorbid ____ ____, desire for ____ ____, and access to ____ ____.
Organic and/or Psychological Factors; Combination of Factors; Diffuse Axonal Injury; Subjective Interpretation; Personality Characteristics; Secondary Gain; Social Support
The majority of patients with PCS fully recover within ____ to ____ ____ of the head injury, but some have ____ ____. For those whose symptoms last for more than ____ ____, symptoms may be ____.
One to Three Months; Persisting Symptoms; One Year; Permanent
When using the DSM-5, a person with postconcussional syndrome would receive a diagnosis of ____ or ____ ____ ____ ____ to ____ ____ ____ when the following criteria are met: The person’s symptoms meet the criteria for Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder; There is evidence of a ____ ____ ____ with at least one of the following — loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, disorientation and confusion, and/or neurological singes (e.g., seizures, visual field cuts, hemiparesis); The neurocognitive disorder occurs immediately after the ____ ____ ____ or immediately after ____ of ____ and continues past the ____ ____ -____ ____.
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury; Traumatic Brain Injury; Traumatic Brain Injury; Recovery of Consciousness; Acute Post-Injury Period
A ____ ____ (___) is also referred to as a stroke and refers to a sudden or gradual onset of neurological symptoms resulting from disruption in the blood supply to the brain. There are three major causes of stroke: ____ (blockage of an artery by a blood clot), ____ (sudden blockage of an artery by material from another part of the bloodstream), and ____.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA); Thrombosis; Embolism; Hemorrhage
The major risk factors for stroke are ____ and ____ (thickening of the lining of the arterial walls); and other factors that increase the risk include atrial fibrillation, ____ ____, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, and increasing age (risk increases rapidly after age 60).
Hypertension and Atherosclerosis; Atrial Fibrillation
The symptoms of stroke depend on the ____ and ____ of the ____. Regarding location, different symptoms are associated with stroke involving the ____, ____, or ____ ____ ____ (see Table 3), ____ common symptoms include ____ ____, ____ ____ involving the face, arm, and leg, and ____ ____ ____ ____ (homonymous hemianopia). In addition, dominant (left) hemisphere damage may produce ____ and ____ ____, while non-dominant (right) hemisphere damage may cause ____ ____ and ____ ____.
Location and Extent of the Damage; Middle, Anterior, or Posterior Cerebral Artery; Contralateral Hemiplegia; Contralateral Hemianesthesia; Contralateral Visual Field Loss; Aphasia and Ideomotor Apraxia; Contralateral Neglect and Dressing Apraxia
____ symptoms are common after a stroke. ____ occurs most often, with depressive symptoms affecting up to 40% of patients. For some patients. depressive symptoms occur ____ ____ the stroke; but, for others, they do not occur until ____ ____ later.
Neuropsychiatric; Depression; Immediately Following; Several Months