Brain Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

The structures of the brain are categorized in terms of three divisions: the ____, the ____, and ____.

Answer 1

Hindbrain; Midbrain; Forebrain

Question 2

As the spinal cord enters the ____ it enlarges and forms the ____ ____, which contains the ____ and the ____. These two structures plus the cerebellum make up the ____.

Answer 2

Skull; Brain Stem; Medulla and the Pons; Hindbrain

Question 3

The ____ influences the flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain. It coordinates swallowing, coughing, and sneezing and ____ several ____ ____ including breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Damage to the medulla is often ____.

Answer 3

Medulla; Regulates; Vital Functions; Fatal

Question 4

The pons connects the ___ ____ of the ____ and plays a role in the ____ of ____ in the ____ and ____ ____ of the ____.

Answer 4

Two Halves; Cerebellum; Integration of Movements; Right and Left Sides of the Body

Question 5

The ____ is important for balance and posture and, in conjunction with the ____ ____ and ____ ____, is vital to the performance of coordinated and refined motor movements. For example, the ____ ____ are involved in the initiation of motor acts, while ____ plays a critical role in the timing and coordination of those acts and the correction of errors while performing those acts.

Answer 5

Cerebellum; Basal Ganglia and Motor Cortex; Basal Ganglia; Cerebellum

Question 6

The cerebellum has also been implicated in ____ ____ and some aspects of ____ ____ (e.g., the ability to shift attention from one stimulus to another); and abnormalities in the cerebellum have been linked to ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 6

Sensorimotor Learning; Cognitive Functioning; Autism, Schizophrenia, and ADHD

Question 7

Damage to the cerebellum can produce ____, a condition involving slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance. The similarity of these symptoms to behaviors produced by ____ ____ is due to the fact that alcohol exerts a strong effect on the ____.

Answer 7

Ataxia; Alcohol Intoxication; Cerebellum

Question 8

All neural information that travels between the brain and the spinal cord passes through the ____, which contains several structures including the ____ and ____ ____, ____ ____, and the ____ ____.

Answer 8

Midbrain; Superior and Inferior Colliculi, Substantia Nigra, and the Reticular Formation

Question 9

The superior and inferior colliculi serve as routes for ____ and ____ ____, respectively, while the substantia nigra is involved in ____ ____ and plays a role in the brain’s ____ ____. The ____ ____ extends from the spinal cord through the hindbrain and midbrain into the hypothalamus in the forebrain. It consists of over _ ____ (homogeneously grouped neurons) that are involved in various functions including respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, and REM sleep.

Answer 9

Visual and Auditory Information; Motor Activity; Reward System; Reticular Formation; 90 Nuclei

Question 10

The ____ ____ ____ (___) is part of the reticular formation and is vital to ____, ____, and ____ It screens ____ ____, especially arouses higher centers in the brain when important information must be ____.

Answer 10

Reticular Activating System (RAS); Consciousness, Arousal, and Wakefulness; Sensory Input; Sleep; Processed

Question 11

Damage to the reticular formation disrupts the ____-____ ____ and can produce a ____ ____-____ ____ of ____. Some general anesthetics work by ____ the ____ of the ____ ____ so that the anesthetized person is unaware of ____ ____ that would otherwise be experienced as ____.

Answer 11

Sleep-Wake Cycle; Permanent Coma-Like State of Sleep; Deactivating the Neurons; Reticular Formation; Sensory Input; Pain

Question 12

The subcortical structures of the forebrain include the ____, ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____.

Answer 12

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal Ganglia, and Limbic System

Question 13

The ____ is involved in motor activity, language, and memory, and it acts as a “relay station” and transmits incoming sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex for all the senses except ____.

Answer 13

Thalamus; Olfaction

Question 14

____ -____ ____ is due to a thiamine deficiency that causes atrophy of neurons in certain areas of the thalamus and is usually the result of ____ ____. This disorder begins with ____ ____ which is characterized by mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia. It is then followed by ____ ____ which involves severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation.

Answer 14

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome; Chronic Alcoholism; Wernicke’s Encephalopathy; Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Question 15

The ____ is one of the smallest brain structures but is involved in a variety of vital functions including hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, and emotional reactions. Regarding emotions, the results of damage to the hypothalamus depend on its ____ but may involve ____ ____ or ____ ____ and ____.

Answer 15

Hypothalamus; Location; Uncontrollable Laughter or Intense Rage and Aggression

Question 16

The hypothalamus monitors the body’s ____ ____ and initiates the responses needed to maintain ____ through its influence on the ANS and the pituitary and other endocrine glands. The ____ ____ (___) is located in the ____ and mediates the ____ -____ ____ and other ____ ____. and there is evidence that the SCN is involved in ____ ____ ____. The hypothalamus also contains the ____ ____, which are involved in ____ and ____.

Answer 16

Internal States; Homeostasis; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN); Hypothalamus; Sleep-Wake Cycle; Circadian Rhythms; Seasonal Affective Disorder; Mammillary Bodies; Learning and Memory

Question 17

The ____ ____ consist of three forebrain structures — the ____, ____, ____, ____ ____ — and the ____ ____ which is in the ____.

Answer 17

Basal Ganglia; Caudate, Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus; Substantia Nigra; Midbrain

Question 18

The ____ ____ are involved in planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movement and regulating the amplitude and direction of motor actions. They also play a role in ____ ____ and in ____, species-specific ____ ____ of ____ ____ such as smiling when happy, frowning when sad, and running when afraid.

Answer 18

Basal Ganglia; Sensorimotor Learning; Stereotyped; Motoric Expressions of Emotional States

Question 19

Several disorders involving prominent motor symptoms are associated with ____ ____ path____ ology including Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s Disorder, OCD, and ADHD. Regarding the latter, problems related to the ____ ____ that characterize ADHD have been linked to a ____ -____ -____ ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____. Areas of the basal ganglia have also been implicated in ____, ____, ____ -____ ____, and ____.

Answer 19

Basal Ganglia Pathology; Behavioral Inhibition; Smaller-Than-Normal Caudate Nucleus, Globus Pallidus, and Prefrontal Cortex; Mania, Depression, Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms, and Psychosis

Question 20

The ____ ____ is involved in memory and other cognitive functions but is primarily associated with the mediation of ____. It consists of several structures including the ____, ____, and ____ ____.

Answer 20

Limbic System; Emotion; Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Cingulate Cortex

Question 21

The ____ integrates, coordinates, and directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, and is involved in the recall of emotionally-charged experiences. For example, there is evidence that the amygdala is involved in the formation of ____ ____, which are vivid, detailed memories of significant, highly emotion-arousing events.

Answer 21

Amygdala; Flashbulb Memories

Question 22

The amygdala is also known to play a role in the acquisition of ____ ____ ____ ____, which occur when a ____ ____ is paired with an ____ -____ ____ ____ and, as a result, the ____ ____ produces an ____ ____.

Answer 22

Classically Conditioned Emotional Responses; Neutral Stimulus; Emotion-Arousing Neutral Stimulus; Emotional Reaction

Question 23

The impact of the amygdala on emotional responses and other behaviors was demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy (1938) who found that ____ ____ in the ____ and ____ ____ of primates substantially reduce ____ and ____, increase ____ and compulsive oral exploratory behaviors, alter ____ ____ (normally vegetarian, monkeys began to eat meat), and produce ____ and “____ ____” (an inability to recognize the significance or meaning of events or objects). This pattern of behavior is referred to as the ____ -____ ____.

Answer 23

Bilateral Lesions; Amygdala and Temporal Lobes; Fear and Aggression; Docility; Dietary Habits; Hypersexuality and Psychic Blindness; Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Question 24

The ____ is less directly implicated in emotions than other limbic system structures and is associated more with ____ and ____. Specifically, the hippocampus is involved in processing ____, ____, and ____ ____ and consolidating ____ ____, which means that it is involved in converting short-term declarative memories to ____ -____ ____. (The actual storage of declarative memories takes place elsewhere, however — most likely in the ____ and ____ ____ of the ____ ____.)

Answer 24

Hippocampus; Learning and Memory; Spatial, Visual, and Verbal Information; Declarative Memories; Long-Term Memories; Frontal and Temporal Lobes; Cerebral Cortex

Question 25

Bilateral removal of the ____ ____ ____ (which include the hippocampus) as a treatment for severe epilepsy causes ____ ____ and ____ ____ for events occurring up to ____ ____ prior to the surgery. There is also evidence that the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures are essential for the formation of ____ ____.

Answer 25

Medial Temporal Lobes; Anterograde Amnesia and Retrograde Amnesia; Three Years; Visual Images

Question 26

The ____ ____ surrounds the corpus callosum and is involved in attention, emotion, and the perception and subjective experience of ____. With regard to the latter, the ____ ____ is involved in the transmission of pain signals and plays an important role in the emotional response to ____ ____.

Answer 26

Cingulate Cortex; Pain; Anterior Cingulate Cortex; Painful Stimuli

Question 27

The hindbrain consists of the pons, the medulla, and the cerebellum. The (l) ____ regulates a number of vital functions and damage to this structure is often fatal. The (2) ____ is important for balance, posture, and coordination, and damage can produce (3) ____, which involves slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance. The midbrain includes the (4) ____, which is vital to consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness.

Answer 27

(1) medulla; (2) cerebellum; (3) ataxia; (4) reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 28

The forebrain consists of subcortical and cortical structures. One of the subcortical structures, the (5) ____, acts as a relay station for all of the senses except (6) ____. (7) ____ syndrome is due to a thiamine deficiency that causes atrophy of neurons in certain areas of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus and is usually the result of chronic alcoholism.

Answer 28

(5) thalamus; (6) olfaction; (7) Wernicke-Korsakoff

Question 29

The (8) ____ governs a number of vital functions (e.g., hunger, thirst, temperature), integrates and coordinates emotional reactions, and initiates the responses needed to maintain the body’s internal (9) ____. The (10) ____ mediates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms.

Answer 29

(8) hypothalamus; (9) homeostasis; (10) SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

Question 30

The (11) ____ are important in planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movements. These structures are involved in several disorders with prominent motor symptoms including Huntington’s disease, (12) ____ disease, Tourette’s Disorder, and ADHD. The limbic system is associated primarily with emotional activities.

Answer 30

(11) basal ganglia; (12) Parkinson’s

Question 31

The amygdala attaches emotions to (13) ____ and damage to the amygdala and temporal lobes can produce (14) ____ syndrome, which is characterized by reduced fear and aggression, psychic blindness, and hypersexuality. The hippocampus is involved more with learning and memory than with emotions and is responsible for (15) ____ declarative memories.

Answer 31

(13) memories; (14) Kluver-Bucy; (15) consolidating

Question 32

In humans, the ____ ____ makes up more than 80% of the brain’s total weight and is responsible for the ____ of a broad range of cognitive, emotional, and motor functions. The cerebral cortex is divided into ____ ____ (right and left) and each hemisphere consists of ____ ____.

Answer 32

Cerebral Cortex; Regulation; Two Hemispheres; Four Lobes

Question 33

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by several ____ of ____, the largest of which is the ____ ____. The ____ ____ allows information sent directly to one hemisphere to be available to the other hemisphere and, if it is ____, the two hemispheres operate as ____, ____ ____.

Answer 33

Bundles of Fibers; Corpus Callosum; Corpus Callosum; Severed; Separate, Independent Brains

Question 34

For most sensory and motor functions, the cortex exhibits ____ ____, which means that the left hemisphere controls the functions of the right side of the body and vice versa. One exception to this general rule is ____ — i.e., olfactory signals from the right nostril go directly to the right hemisphere and signals from the left nostril go directly to the left hemisphere.

Answer 34

Contralateral Representation; Olfaction

Question 35

____ ____ from each ____ goes to both sides of the brain, with information from the right visual field of each eye going to the ____ ____ and information from the left visual field of each eye going to the ____ ____.

Answer 35

Visual Information; Eye; Left Hemisphere; Right Hemisphere

Question 36

____ ____: Although both hemispheres play a role in ____ ____, each hemisphere tends to specialize. For 95 to 99% of right-handed people and 50 to 60% of left-handed people, ____ and ____ ____ and ____, ____ ____ are ____ (____) ____ ____, while the understanding of ____ ____, ____, and ____ ____ are ____ (____ -____) ____ ____. (For the remaining left-handed people, language is controlled by the ____ ____ or is controlled ____.)

Answer 36

Brain Lateralization; Most Behaviors; Specialize; Written and Spoken Language and Logical, Analytical Thinking are Left (Dominant) Hemisphere Functions; Special Relationships, Creativity, and Facial Recognition are Right (Non-dominant) Hemisphere Functions; Right Hemisphere; Bilaterally

Question 37

____ ____ is also referred to as hemispheric specialization and is apparent, to some degree, at ____. For example, newborns exhibit greater electrical activity in the ____ ____ in response to ____ ____ but greater activity in the ____ ____ in response to ____ ____.

Answer 37

Brain Lateralization; Birth; Left Hemisphere; Speech Sounds; Right Hemisphere; Nonspeech Sounds

Question 38

The major functions of the left and right hemispheres are summarized for Dominant (Left) Hemisphere (L) and Non-Dominant (Right) Hemisphere (R) as:

Answer 38

Vision: (L) letters, words; (R) Complex geometric patterns, facial recognition
Audition: (L) language-related sounds; (R) music and other non-language sounds
Memory: (L) verbal memory; (R) nonverbal memory
Language: (L) speech, reading, writing, arithmetic; (R) emotional content of language
Spatial Processing: (R) geometry, sense of direction
Emotion: (L) positive emotions; (R) negative emotions
Reasoning: (L) analytical, logical; (R) holistic, intuitive

Question 39

Information about brain lateralization was initially obtained from studies of “____ -____ “ ____ whose corpus callosums had been severed as a treatment for severe ____. Although the surgery reduced ____ and produced no significant change in ____, memory, motivation, or gross motor control, it affected certain kinds of ____.

Answer 39

Split-Brain Patients; Epilepsy; Seizures; Intelligence; Responses

Question 40

Sperry and Gazzaniga (1967) found, for example, that when a picture of an object was projected to a split-brain patient’s left visual field (so that the information went to the right hemisphere only), the patient could pick the object out of ten objects hidden behind a screen using their ____ ____. However, the patient was unable to ____ or ____ the object and was unable to pick the object from the ten objects with their ____ ____. In contrast, when a picture was projected to the patient’s right visual field (so that information went to the left hemisphere only), the patient could ____ the ____ and pick it out with their ____ ____ but was unable to select the object with their ____ ____.

Answer 40

Left Hand; Name or Describe; Right Hand; Name the Object; Right Hand; Left Hand

Question 41

Lateralization has subsequently been studied using a variety of techniques. The ____ ____ ____, for instance, is used to study ____ ____ and presents the individual with two sequences of digits, one sequence to each ear. Research utilizing this technique has found that people typically recall more digits heard by the ear that is ____ to their ____ ____ (usually the right ear).

Answer 41

Dichotic Listening Task; Language Lateralization; Contralateral; Dominant Hemisphere

Question 42

Lateralization has also been investigated with ____ ____, and some of these studies have identified ____ ____ in ____ ____. In one study, Shaywitz et al. (1995) found that, on language-related tasks, only the left hemisphere was active for ____ participants, while the left and right hemispheres were both active for the ____ of ____ participants.

Answer 42

Neuroimaging Techniques; Gender Differences in Language Lateralization; Male; Majority of Female

Question 43

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex contains four lobes — ____, ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 43

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital

Question 44

The ____ ____ occupies the major portion of the cortex and includes the ________________________.

Answer 44

Frontal Lobe; Primary Motor Cortex, Supplementary Motor Area, Premotor Cortex, Broca’s Area, and Prefrontal Cortex

Question 45

The ____ ____ ____ is located on the prefrontal cortex and is involved in the ____ of ____. Neurons in this area are arranged according to the ____ of the ____ they ____; and relatively large proportions of this area are devoted to the ____, ____, and ____, which accounts for the precise control we have over the ____ in these parts of the body.

Answer 45

Primary Motor Cortex; Execution of Movement; Location; Muscles; Control; Fingers, Lips, and Jaw; Muscles

Question 46

Damage to the primary motor cortex can result in a loss of ____ and ____ ____ (loss of muscle tone) in areas of the body ____ to the ____.

Answer 46

Reflexes and Flaccid Hemiplegia; Contralateral; Damage

Question 47

The ____ ____ ____ (___) is involved in the planning and control of movement. It plays an important role in the learning of new ____ ____ and, in conjunction with the primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, mediates ____ ____, which is the mental representation of ____.

Answer 47

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA); Motor Sequences; Motor Imagery; Movement

Question 48

The ____ ____ is located just anterior to the primary motor cortex and is important for the ____ of ____ in response to ____ (____) ____.

Answer 48

Premotor Cortex; Control of Movement; External (Sensory) Stimuli

Question 49

____ ____ is the major motor speech area and is in the inferior frontal region (usually on the left side). Damage to this area produces ____ (____) ____ which is characterized by difficulties in producing ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 49

Broca’s Area; Broca’s (Expressive) Aphasia; Spoken and Written Language

Question 50

The ____ ____ is involved in a variety of ____ ____ including emotion, memory. attention, self-awareness, and higher-order cognitive (executive) functions. Regarding cognitive functions, damage to certain areas in the prefrontal cortex may impair performance on measures of ____ -____ and ____ but have little effect on ___ ____ ____.

Answer 50

Prefrontal Cortex; Complex Behaviors; Problem-Solving and Creativity; IQ Test Scores

Question 51

Abnormalities in the prefrontal area also contribute to certain mental disorders: ____ ____ in the prefrontal cortex (____) has been linked to Schizophrenia, ADHD, and dementia; and damage to specific areas of the prefrontal cortex may produce one of three syndromes.

Answer 51

Reduced Metabolism; Hypofrontality

Question 52

Damage to the ____ ____ results in dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome, which is characterized by impaired judgment, insight, planning, and organization. Individuals with this syndrome tend to be ____ and ____, have trouble learning from ____, neglect their ____, have reduced ____ ____, and may be ____.

Answer 52

Dorsolateral Area; Concrete and Perseverative; Experience; Hygiene; Sexual Interest; Apathetic

Question 53

Damage to the ____ ____ produces orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome, which is also known as ____. This disorder involves ____ ____, ____, poor ____ ____, and impaired ____ ____. People with this disorder may exhibit ____ ____ ____ or inappropriate jocularity, engage in unusual or inappropriate ____ ____, and make ____ ____.

Answer 53

Orbitofrontal Area; Pseudopsychopathy; Emotional Lability; Distractibility; Impulse Control; Social Insite; Explosive Aggressive Outbursts; Sexual Behavior; Lewd Comments

Question 54

Damage to the ____ ____ produces mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, which is also referred to as ____. The primary characteristics of this syndrome are impaired ____, reduced ____ ____, diminished ____ ____ and ____ ____, and ____ -____ ____ and ____ ____. People with this syndrome often describe themselves as ____ or lacking in ____ and may seem ____ but do not have the ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ that are characteristic of major depression.

Answer 54

Mediofrontal Area; Pseudodepression; Spontaneity; Emotional Reactions; Motor Behavior and Verbal Output, and Lower-Extremity Weakness and Sensory Loss; Bored; Motivation; Depressed; Vegetative Symptoms, Negative Cognitions, and Dysphoria

Question 55

The ____ ____ contains the ____ ____, which is located on the postcentral gyrus and governs ____, ____, ____, ____, and gustation. ____ ____ of the somatosensory cortex elicits reports of warmth, tingling, or other sensations in different parts of the body.

Answer 55

Parietal Lobe; Somatosensory Cortex; Pressure, Temperature, Pain, Proprioception; Electrical Stimulation

Question 56

Common symptoms of parietal lobe damage include disturbances in ____ ____, ____ (inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning), and ____ ____.

Answer 56

Spatial Orientation; Apraxia; Somatosensory Agnosia

Question 57

Lesions in the right (non-dominant) parietal lobe can cause ____ ____ (loss of knowledge about or interest in the left side of the body); while lesions in the left (dominant) parietal lobe can produce ____ ____ (inability to carry out a sequence of actions), ____ ____ (inability to carry out a simple action in response to a command), or ____ ____, which involves a combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia.

Answer 57

Contralateral Neglect; Ideation Apraxia; Ideomotor Apraxia; Gerstmann’s Syndrome

Question 58

____ is also known as dysgraphia and involves an inability to write, while ____ refers to an inability to perform simple mathematical calculations.

Answer 58

Agraphia; Acalculia

Question 59

The ____ ____ contains the ____ ____ and ____ ____ (usually in the left hemisphere). ____ in the ____ ____ may cause auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, and other disturbances in auditory sensation and perception.

Answer 59

Temporal Lobe; Auditory Cortex and Wernicke’s Area; Lesions; Auditory Cortex

Question 60

____ ____ is important for the comprehension of language, and lesions produce ____ (____) ____, which is characterized by severe deficits in language comprehension and abnormalities in language production.

Answer 60

Wernicke’s Area; Wernicke’s (Receptive) Aphasia

Question 61

Certain areas in the temporal lobe mediate encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term ____ ____. Electrical stimulation of these areas can elicit ____, ____ ____ that had been previously ____ (Penfield, 1975), while lesions can cause ____ and ____ ____ for ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 61

Declarative Memories; Complex, Vivid Memories; Forgotten; Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia; Sematic and Episodic Memories

Question 62

The ____ ____ contains the ____ ____, which is responsible for visual perception, recognition, and memory. While the ____ ____ of the visual cortex is primarily involved in high-resolution macular vision (i.e., visual signals received by an area in the central retina), the ____ ____ is concerned more with peripheral vision.

Answer 62

Occipital Lobe; Visual Cortex; Posterior Portion; Anterior Portion

Question 63

Damage to the occipital lobes may produce apperceptive or associative ____ ____, visual hallucinations, or cortical blindness. (____ ____ ____ occurs when a person is unable to perceive objects despite intact visual acuity, while ____ ____ ____ occurs when a person is unable to recognize an object that they are focusing on as the result of impaired memory or inability to access relevant semantic knowledge.)

Answer 63

Visual Agnosia; Apperceptive Visual Agnosia; Associative Visual Agnosia

Question 64

Left occipital lobe damage can cause ____ (inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time); while lesions at the junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes may produce ____ (an inability to recognize familiar faces).

Answer 64

Simultanagnosia; Prosopagnosia

Question 65

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by several bundles of fibers, the largest of which is the (I) ____. For most sensory and motor functions, the cerebral cortex exhibits (2) ____ representation, which means that the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa.

Answer 65

(1) corpus callosum; (2) contralateral

Question 66

While both hemispheres play a role in most behaviors, the (3) ____ (usually left) hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, (4) ____ memory, and (5) ____ emotions, while the (6) ____ (usually right) hemisphere governs (7) ____ recognition, nonverbal memory, and (8) ____ emotions. Brain lateralization has been demonstrated by studies examining the effects of severing the corpus callosum in order to control severe (9) ____. When a familiar object is presented to the (10) ____ visual field of a “split-brain” patient, the patient can name the object but cannot pick it out with their (11) ____ hand.

Answer 66

(3) dominant; (4) verbal; (5) positive; (6) non-dominant; (7) facial; (8) negative; (9) epilepsy; (10) right; (11) left

Question 67

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex contains four lobes. The frontal lobe contains the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca’s area, and prefrontal cortex. The (12) ____ is located on the precentral Crus and is involved in the execution of movement, while the (13) ____ plays a role in the learning of new motor sequences and, in conjunction with the primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, mediates motor imagery.

Answer 67

(12) primary motor cortex; (13) supplementary motor area

Question 68

Damage to specific areas of the prefrontal cortex may produce one of three syndromes: Damage to the dorsolateral area results in dorsal convexity (14) ____ syndrome; damage to the orbitofrontal area produces orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome, which is also known as (15) ____ and damage to the mediofrontal area produces mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, which is also referred to as (16) ____.

Answer 68

(14) dysexecutive; (15) pseudopsychopathy; (16) pseudodepression

Question 69

The parietal lobes contain the (17) ____ cortex, which is located on the postcentral crus. Damage to this area may cause tactile (18) ____ apraxia, anosognosia, and disturbances in spatial orientation. Lesions in the left parietal lobe may produce (19) ____ syndrome, which involves a combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia.

Answer 69

(17) somatosensory; (18) agnosia; (19) Gerstmann’s

Question 70

The temporal lobes contain the (20) ____ cortex and (21) ____ area and are involved in the encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term (22) ____ memories. Finally, the occipital lobes contain the (23) ____ cortex, which is responsible for visual perception, recognition, and memory. Damage may produce (24) ____, which is an inability to recognize familiar objects. Lesions at the junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes can produce (25) ____ which is the inability to recognize familiar faces.

Answer 70

(20) auditory; (21) Wernicke’s; (22) declarative; (23) visual; (24) visual agnosia; (25) prosopagnosia