Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions

Question 1

The cognitive-behavioral interventions share the assumptions that ____ mediates ____ and ____ ____, that some types of cognitions may be ____ and ____, and that dysfunctional emotions and behaviors change when ____ ____ are ____.

Answer 1

Cognition; Emotional and Behavioral Dysfunction; Monitored and Altered; Relevant Cognitions are Modified

Question 2

As their name suggests, these interventions integrate a variety of ____ and ____ ____. For instance, these interventions for generalized anxiety in adults often combine – self-monitoring, self-control desensitization, anxiety management training, and cognitive restructuring, while treatments for children’s anticipatory anxiety and fears (e.g., fear of the dark, fear of medical procedures) may integrate coping self-statements, positive visual imagery, relaxation techniques, modeling, and positive reinforcement.

Answer 2

Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques

Question 3

Ellis’s (1985) ____-____ ____ ____ conceptualizes emotions and behaviors in terms of a chain of events, A-B-C, where A is the external (____) ____ to which the individual is exposed; B is the ____ the individual has about A; and C is the ____ or ____ that results from B. In other words, an emotional or behavioral response to an external event is due to ____ ____ that ____ rather than to the event itself.

Answer 3

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT); (Activating) Event; Belief; Emotion or Behavior; Beliefs About that Event

Question 4

According to Ellis, the primary cause of neurosis is the ____ ____ of certain ____ ____ ____ such as the belief that it’s necessary to be loved by everyone or the belief that one should be thoroughly competent, intelligent, and achieving in all respects. ____ ____ are characterized by – dogmatic demands (must’s and should’s), awfulizing (“it’s awful if…”), low frustration tolerance, and negative evaluations of oneself and others.

Answer 4

Continual Repetition; Common Irrational Beliefs; Irrational Beliefs

Question 5

As defined by Ellis, irrational beliefs are the result of ____ ____ ____ that include – negativism, moodiness, and excitement-seeking and that interfere with the ability to ____ ____ and ____.

Answer 5

Certain Biological Tendencies; Tink Productively and Rationally

Question 6

In REBT, two more events, D and E, are added to the ABC chain – D is the therapist’s attempt to ____ and ____ the individual’s irrational beliefs, and E refers to the ____ ____ and ____ that result from D.

Answer 6

Dispute and Alter; Alternative Thoughts and Beliefs

Question 7

To help clients replace irrational beliefs with more appropriate ones, therapists adopt an ____, ____, _____ and _____ and use a variety of techniques including - ____________.

Answer 7

Educational, Confrontative, and Persuasive Approach; modeling, behavior rehearsal, problem-solving, in vivo desensitization, rational-emotive imagery, and cognitive homework assignments.

Question 8

Beck’s (1967, 1984) ____ ____ is also referred to as cognitive-behavioral therapy and was originally developed as a treatment for ____ but has since been successfully applied to several other disorders including anxiety, anorexia, bulimia, sexual dysfunction, and substance abuse. The primary goal of CT is to help clients ____ and ____ _____ and ____ ____.

Answer 8

Cognitive Therapy (CT); Depression; Identify and Alter Dysfunctional and Distorted Assumptions

Question 9

Practitioners of CT target the four types of cognitions -

Answer 9

Schemas, Automatic Thoughts, Cognitive Distortions, Cognitive Profile

Question 10

____ are underlying cognitive structures and rules that consist of core beliefs and that determine how individuals codify, categorize, and interpret their experiences. They are revealed in ____ ____ and supported by ____ ____.

Answer 10

Schemas; Automatic Thoughts; Cognitive Distortions

Question 11

Cognitive schemas develop ____ in ____ as the result of ____, ____, and ____ _____. They can be either ____ or ____ and may be ____ until they’re activated by ____ or ____ ____, especially stress caused by conditions like those under which they ____ ____. Once activated, dysfunctional schema impairs the ability to ____ ____ and predispose the individual to depression or other disorders.

Answer 11

Early in Life; Biological, Developmental, and Environmental Factors; Functional of Dysfunctional; Dormant; Internal or External Stress; Originally Developed; Think Rationally

Question 12

____ ____ are “surface level cognitions” that “intercede between an event or stimulus and the individual’s emotional and behavioral reactions.”

Answer 12

Automatic Thoughts

Question 13

Automatic thoughts are not necessarily associated with ____ ____ but contribute to dysfunction when they’re the result of ____ ____ and are frequent, persistent, and not critically examined.

Answer 13

Psychological Dysfunction; Maladaptive Schemas

Question 14

____ ____ are systematic errors or biases in information processing and are the link between maladaptive cognitive schemas and negative automatic thoughts.

Answer 14

Cognitive Distortions

Question 15

Common distortions include – ____ ____ (drawing conclusions without corroborative evidence), ____ (drawing general conclusions based on a single event), ____ ____ (attending to detail while ignoring the total context), ____ (erroneously attributing external events to oneself), ____ ____ (thinking in polarized, “either/or” ways), and ____ ____ (believing things are a certain way because one feels they are that way).

Answer 15

Arbitrary Inference; Overgeneralization; Selective Abstraction; Personalization; Dichotomous Thinking; Emotional Reasoning

Question 16

Like automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions become problematic when –

Answer 16

they are pervasive and are not critically examined or challenged.

Question 17

According to Beck, each psychological disorder is characterized by a different ____ ____. For example, depression involves the “cognitive triad” of a negative view of oneself, the world, and the future, while the cognitive profile for anxiety reflects an excessive form of normal survival mechanisms and consists of unrealistic fears about physical and psychological threats.

Answer 17

Cognitive Profile

Question 18

CT is distinguished from other cognitive-behavioral therapies by several characteristics. First, CT relies on ____ ____, which involves developing a collaborative therapist-client relationship and gathering evidence to test hypotheses about the client’s beliefs and assumptions.

Answer 18

Collaborative Empiricism

Question 19

The second distinguishing characteristic, CT is a ____-____ ____, with the average length of therapy being _ ____ and sessions being ____ and ____-____. With regard to latter, the first session ordinarily addresses the following goals: a) ____ ____ and ____; b) ____ the client to cognitive therapy; c) ____ the client about their disorder, the cognitive model, and the therapy process; d) ____ the client’s difficulties and ____ ____; e) determining and, if necessary, correcting the client’s ____ ____ ____; f) collecting additional information about the ____ ____; and g) developing a ____ ____.

Answer 19

Time-Limited Treatment; 15 Sessions; Structured and Goal-Oriented; Establishing Rapport and Trust; Socializing; Educating; Normalizing; Instilling Hope; Expectations about Therapy; Client’s Problems; Goal List

Question 20

The third distinguishing characteristic, whole focus of CT in on the client’s ____ ____, historical material may be addressed to clarify their ____ ____. Fourth, CT assumes that relevant cognitions become accessible and modifiable only with affect ____, and, consequently, ____ and other techniques are used to elicit affect.

Answer 20

Current Experiences; Core Beliefs; Arousal; Imagery

Question 21

The fifth distinguishing characteristic, questioning is a primary therapeutic tool and often takes the form of ____ ____, which is also known as guided discovery and involves asking questions that designed to help the client reach logical conclusions about a problem and its consequences.

Answer 21

Socratic Dialogue

Question 22

The sixth distinguishing characteristic, ____ ____ is a focus throughout treatment. For instance, during therapy, the therapist emphasizes the client’s part in causing change in moo and behavior, and toward the end of therapy, the therapist works with the client to develop a ____-____ ____.

Answer 22

Relapse Prevention; Self-Therapy Plan

Question 23

CT incorporates a variety of –

Answer 23

behavioral and cognitive techniques.

Question 24

Behavioral strategies include –

Answer 24

activity scheduling, behavior rehearsal, social skills training, and relaxation.

Question 25

Cognitive strategies include –

Answer 25

the downward arrow (“If so, then what?”), questioning the evidence, decatastrophizing, mental imagery, and cognitive rehearsal.

Question 26

Clients are often given ____ ____, and an early assignment requires the client to keep a “____ ____ of ____ ____” to identify the client’s automatic thoughts.

Answer 26

Homework Assignments; Daily Record of Dysfunctional Thoughts

Question 27

The specific techniques used in therapy depend on the ____ and ____ of the client’s ____. For example, behavioral techniques designed to increase the client’s overall activity level are often the initial interventions for clients with severe depression, while cognitive techniques are usually the initial interventions for those with mild to moderate depression.

Answer 27

Nature and Severity; Symptoms

Question 28

Self-Instructional Training, Thought Stopping, and Attribution Retraining are –

Answer 28

Interventions, like REBT and CT, are categorized as cognitive restructuring techniques and conceptualize maladaptive behaviors as the result of disturbances in thinking. However, they’re narrower in focus and utilize a more restricted range of strategies.

Question 29

Meichenbaum and Goodman (1971) originally used ____-____ ____ to help impulsive and hyperactive children perform academic and other tasks more successfully by teaching them to interpolate adaptive self-controlling thoughts between a stimulus situation and their response to that situation. ____ incorporates the work of Vygotsky and Luria, who proposed that true voluntary behavior does not occur until there is a shift from ____ to ____ ____ ____, as well as Bandura’s work on observational learning.

Answer 29

Self-Instructional Training (SIT); SIT; External to Internal Language Control

Question 30

SIT involves five steps –

Answer 30

Cognitive Modeling; Cognitive Participant modeling; Cognitive Participant Modeling; Overt Self-Instruction; Overt Self-Instruction; Fading Overt Self-Instruction; Covert Self-Instruction.

Question 31

Cognitive Modeling

Answer 31

The client observes a model perform the task while the model makes self-statements aloud. Self-statements include questions about the nature of the task, answers to those questions, specific instruction on how to do the task, and self-reinforcement.

Question 32

Cognitive Participant Modeling

Answer 32

The client performs the task as the model verbalizes the instructions.

Question 33

Overt Self-Instruction

Answer 33

The client performs the task while instructing themselves aloud.

Question 34

Fading Overt Self-Instruction

Answer 34

The client whispers the instructions while carrying out the task.

Question 35

Covert Self-Instruction

Answer 35

The client performs the task while saying the instructions covertly.

Question 36

____ ____ entails eliminating obsessive ruminations, self-criticism, depressive or anxiety-arousing ideas, and other unwanted or unproductive thoughts by using such techniques as covertly yelling, “stop, stop, stop!” or snapping a rubber band placed around the wrist whenever unwanted thoughts occur. Thought stopping is often combined with ____ ____, which involves making alternative assertive self-statements following thought stopping.

Answer 36

Thought Stopping; Covert Assertion

Question 37

____ ____ Focuses on altering the individual’s perceptions of the causes of their problematic behavior and has been successfully used to treat depression, anxiety, alcoholism, and several other disorders as well as to improve the academic performance of underachieving students.

Answer 37

Attribution Retraining

Question 38

Attribution retraining is consistent with the assumptions of the ____ ____ ____ ____ and with the ____ ____ ____ that is promoted in Seligman’s (1990) theory of learned optimism. Its goal is to help clients attribute their failures to _________________ and successes to ___________________.

Answer 38

Reformulated Learned Helplessness Model; Optimistic Explanatory Style; External, Unstable, and Specific Factors; Internal, Stable, and Global Factors

Question 39

Coping and problem-solving techniques –

Answer 39

use a combination of cognitive and behavioral strategies to help clients deal effectively with problematic external events.

Question 40

____ ____ was designed to help people deal with stress by increasing their coping skills. Treatment involves three phases.

Answer 40

Stress Inoculation

Question 41

Stress Inoculation phase a) ____ ____ ____ ____ is also known as the ____ ____. It is primarily educational and involves helping the client understand their behavioral and cognitive responses to stressful situation.

Answer 41

The Cognitive Preparation Phase; Conceptualization Phase

Question 42

Stress Inoculation phase b) During the ____ ____ and ____ ____, the client learns and rehearses a variety of coping skills. Specific interventions during this phase include ____-____ ____ (e.g., relaxation, pleasant imagery, arranging “escape routes”) and ____ ____ (e.g., replacing negative self-statements with coping self-statements).

Answer 42

Skills Acquisition and Rehearsal Phase; Direct-Action Techniques; Cognitive Techniques

Question 43

Stress Inoculation phase c) In the ____ ____ and ____-____ ____, the client applies the coping skills they have acquired to imagined, filmed, and in vivo stress-producing situations.

Answer 43

Final Application and Follow-Through Phase

Question 44

____-____ ____ was originally described by D’Zurilla and Goldfried (1971) and has been updated several times.

Answer 44

Problem-Solving Therapy (PST)

Question 45

PSTs most recent version proposes that problem-solving outcomes are determined primarily by two factors: ____ ____ refers to relatively stable cognitive schemas that can be either positive or negative and that represent the person’s views about problems and their ability to successfully solve them. ____-____ ____ refers to the activities the individual engages in when solving problems.

Answer 45

Problem Orientation; Problem-Solving Style

Question 46

PST distinguishes between rational, impulsive/careless, and avoidance styles, with the rational style being identified as the only one that’s likely to result in adaptive problem solutions. It’s characterized by a reliance on five skills –

Answer 46

recognizing the problem (problem orientation), defining the problem, generating alternative solutions, choosing the best solution, and implementing and evaluating the chosen solution.

Question 47

In therapy, several strategies are used to help clients adopt a ____ ____-____ ____ and ____ ____-____ ____ including psychoeducation, guided discussion, role-playing, and homework assignments.

Answer 47

Positive Problem-Solving Orientation; Rational Problem-Solving Style

Question 48

Rehm’s (1977) ____-____ ____ is a brief form of therapy that is usually conducted as group therapy. It’s based on the assumption that deficits in three aspects of self-control increase a person’s vulnerability to ____ and make it difficult to deal effectively with depressive symptoms.

Answer 48

Self-Control Therapy; Depression

Question 49

Self-Monitoring

Answer 49

People with depression selectively attend to negative events and to the immediate (versus delayed) consequences of their behavior.

Question 50

Self-Evaluation

Answer 50

People who are depressed make inaccurate internal attributions and compare their behavior to standards that are excessively rigid and perfectionistic.

Question 51

Self-Reinforcement

Answer 51

People with depression engage in low rates of self-reward and high rates of self-punishment.

Question 52

Therapy sessions and behavioral homework assignments correspond to the three aspects of self-control During the self-monitoring phase of therapy, the client is taught to ____ ____ ____-____ and ____ ____; and, during the self-evaluation phase, they are taught to set ____ ____ and to make ____ ____ for their behaviors. Then during the self-reinforcement phase, the client learns to ____ themselves with ____ ____-____ and ____ for working toward or achieving their goals.

Answer 52

Monitor Negative Self-Statements and Positive Outcomes; Realistic Goals; Appropriate Attributions; Reinforce; Positive Self-Statements and Activities

Question 53

____ (1974) ____ ____ attributes depression to a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement due to inadequate reinforcing stimuli in the environment and/or the individual’s lack of skill in obtaining reinforcement.

Answer 53

Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Model

Question 54

According to Lewinsohn, when a person’s behaviors (for instance, attempts to interact with family members or co-workers) are not reinforced, those behaviors ____. He also proposed that, in addition to eliminating or reducing certain behaviors, a ____ ____ of ____-____ ____ elicits ____, ____ ____-____, and other features tat are associated with depression.

Answer 54

Extinguish; Low Rate of Response-Contingent Reinforcement; Pessimism, Low Self-Esteem

Question 55

In terms of treatment, Lewinsohn initially focused on “____” depressed patients by increasing their activity levels and access to reinforcing events but subsequently incorporated ____ ____ like those developed by Beck. Interestingly, however, there has been a renewed interest in recent years in ____ ____ approaches for depression that utilize ____ ____ ____.

Answer 55

Reactivation; Cognitive Techniques; Behavioral Activation; Behavioral Strategies Only

Question 56

The ____-____ ____ encompass a variety of techniques that emphasize the client’s responsibility for modifying their own behavior. These procedures include ____-____, ____ ____, and ____ as well as several of the previously-described techniques, including self-instruction and thought stopping.

Answer 56

Self-Management Procedures; Self-Monitoring, Stimulus Control, and Biofeedback

Question 57

____-____ is a common initial procedure in self-management programs and other cognitive-behavioral interventions and involves having the client record information about the frequency and conditions surrounding the target behavior.

Answer 57

Self-Monitoring

Question 58

The results of self-monitoring provide the therapist and client with information about the ____ and ____ of the ____ so that an appropriate treatment strategy can be ____, and the effects of the treatment can be ____. Because self-monitoring often changes the nature of the target behavior in the ____ ____, it’s often used not only as an assessment tool but also to ____ ____ ____.

Answer 58

Nature; Magnitude of the Behavior; Developed; Evaluated; Desired Direction; Promote Behavior Change

Question 59

Behavior is said to be under ____ ____ when its performance is contingent on the presence of certain stimuli. Cigarette smoking, for example, may be controlled by several phenomena including coffee drinking, talking with friends, being alone, and the presence of a “no smoking” sign.

Answer 59

Stimulus Control

Question 60

The stimulus control techniques are designed to ____ the ____ ____ ____ and the ____ and/or its ____ and include a) ____ involves restricting the target behavior to a limited set of stimuli (eating only at mealtimes). b) ____ ____ entails linking the behavior to specific environmental conditions (studying in a particular location at home). C) ____ consists of changing the stimulus conditions associated with the behavior (replacing a fetish object with more appropriate sexual stimuli).

Answer 60

Alter the Associations Between Stimuli; Behavior; Consequences; Narrowing; Cue Strengthening; Fading

Question 61

____ may be classified as a self-management technique since it involves having a client learn to modify their own behaviors and, like many other self-management procedures, is based on the principles of operant conditioning.

Answer 61

Biofeedback

Question 62

The target in biofeedback training is usually a ____ ____ that is considered ____ such as heart rate, GSR, skin temperature, brain wave activity, or blood glucose level. When using this technique, the client is connected to an ____, ____, or other apparatus that provides immediate and continuous performance feedback about the target response, usually in the form of a ____ or ____ single.

Answer 62

Physiological Response; Involuntary; Electromyography (EMG); Electroencephalograph (EEG); Visual or Auditory

Question 63

___ ____ is often used to treat tension headaches and involves training the person to relax the frontalis muscle in the forehead. When they do so, ____ ____ is provided.

Answer 63

EMG Feedback; Immediate Feedback

Question 64

Evaluation: Several studies have found ____ ____ to be as effective as biofeedback for several problems including tension headaches, hypertension, general anxiety, insomnia, and lower back pain.

Answer 64

Relaxation Training

Question 65

There is evidence, that ____ may be the treatment-of-choice for some disorders. For example, ____ (____-____) ____ has been identified as an effective treatment for Raynaud’s disease, which is characterized by a decrease in blood supply to the fingers and toes, while ____ ____ (____) ____ has been successfully used to treat certain types of urinary and fecal incontinence. In addition, a combination of ____ ____ and ____ ____ (a relaxation technique) has been found to be the best approach for migraine headaches.

Answer 65

Biofeedback; Thermal (Skin-Temperature) Biofeedback; Pelvic Muscle (EMG) Biofeedback; Thermal Biofeedback and Autogenic Training

Question 66

Rational-emotive behavior (REBT) therapy conceptualizes behavior in terms of an “A-B-C chain” where A is an external even, B is the individual’s 1) ____, and C is the 2) ____. In other words, an emotional or behavioral response to an event (A) is due to 3) ____ about that event rather than to the event itself.

Answer 66

1) beliefs about A; 2) emotional or behavioral result of B; 3) beliefs

Question 67

Becks’ cognitive therapy (CT) focuses on the impact of various cognitive phenomena on emotions and behaviors. Cognitive 4) ____ are structures and rules that determine how people codify, categorize, and interpret their experiences. They develop early in life and may be dormant until they’re activated by 5) ____. 6) ____ are “surface level cognitions” that interceded between an event and a person’s emotional or behavioral response to that event; while 7) ____ are systematic errors in information processing that link maladaptive cognitive schemas and negative automatic thought. They include 8) ____, which involves drawing conclusions without corroborative evidence, and 9) ____, which involves attending to details while ignoring the total context. According to Beck, each psychological disorder is characterized by a different cognitive profile. Depression, for example, involves the cognitive triad of negative view of oneself, the world and the 10) ____.

Answer 67

; 4) schemas; 5) internal or external stress; 6) automatic thoughts; 7) cognitive distortions; 8) arbitrary inference; 9) selective abstraction; 10) future

Question 68

The primary goal of CT is to modify the client’s dysfunctional beliefs and assumptions. This is achieved through the development of a 11) ____ therapist-client relationship and the use of a broad range of cognitive and behavioral techniques. 12) ____ dialogue (questioning) is used to help the client reach logical conclusions about their problem. An early homework assignment requires the client to keep a Daily Record of 13) ____.

Answer 68

11) collaborative; 12) Socratic; 13) Dysfunctional Thoughts

Question 69

Self-instructional training was originally used to help impulsive ad hyperactive children perform tasks more successfully. It involves five stages: cognitive modeling, 14) ____, overt self-instruction, fading over self-instruction, and 15) ____. 16) ____ is used to eliminate obsessive ruminations, self-criticism, and other unwanted thought and involves such techniques as covertly yelling “stop!” or snapping a rubber band placed around the wrist. The goal of attribution retraining is to help clients attribute their failures to 17) ____ factors.

Answer 69

14) cognitive participant modeling; 15) covert self-instruction 16) Thought stopping; 17) external, unstable, and specific

Question 70

Stress inoculation was designed to help people deal with stressful events by increasing their coping skills. It includes three stages: cognitive preparation, 18) ____, and application and follow-though. According to Rehm, depression is related to deficits in self-monitoring, 19) ____, and self-reinforcement. Lewinsohn’s behavioral model attributes depression to a low rate of 20) ____.

Answer 70

18) skills acquisition and rehearsal; 19) self-evaluation; 20) response-contingent reinforcement

Answer 71

21) promoting behavior change; 22) stimulus control; 23) relaxation training; 24 Raynaud’s; 25) autogenic training