Early Influences on Development Flashcards
Human development is viewed by most developmental psychologists as being due to a combination of ____ and ____ ____, and the current nature-nature debate focuses on the relative contributions of these factors and how they ____ to ____ ____.
Genetic and Environmental Factors; Interact to Produce Behavior
Some experts point out that the relative relative importance of heredity and the environment ____ at various points in the ____, with genetic factors being most critical during the ____ ____ of ____ and environmental factors predominating during ____ ____. Consequently, as people age, they become more ____ as their ____ becomes less the consequence of ____ and more the result of a wide range of ____ ____.
Differs; Lifespan; Early Stages of Development; Later Stages; Diverse; Behaviors; Heredity; Environmental Influences
The ____ of ____: most traits are ____, which means that they are influenced by multiple genes. Height, weight, intelligence, and personality are ____ ____. Other characteristics are the result of a ____ ____ of ____ that contains a ____ ____ or two ____ ____.
The Role of Heredity; Polygenic; Polygenic Traits; Single Pair of Genes; Dominant Gene or Two Recessive Genes
When a trait is due to a dominant gene, a child who is either ____ (Has inherited the gene from both parents) or ____ (has inherited the gene from only one parent) will exhibit that ____. Physical traits that require only a ____ ____ ____ include brown eyes, dark hair, and farsightedness.
Homozygous; Heterozygous; Trait; Single Dominant Gene
When a trait is due to a recessive gene, a child must be ____ regarding that gene to display that trait. Traits resulting from a ____ of ___ ____ include green, hazel, and blue eyes, blonde hair, and near sightedness. (Note that the alternative forms of a gene (genes for blue or green eyes) are referred to by biologists as ____.)
Homozygous; Pair of Recessive Genes; Alleles
The contribution of heredity to an observed characteristic is expressed in terms of ____ ____, which indicates the extent to which ____ varies within a group of people as the result of differences in ____.
Heritability Estimate; Phenotype; Genotype
____ refers to a person’s genetic inheritance, while ____ refers to their observed characteristics, which are due to a combination of heredity and environment. As an example, a person whose parents are both very tall maybe genetically predisposed to be taller-than-average but end up shorter than his genetic makeup dictates due to illness or poor diet.
Genotype; Phenotype
The ____ of the ____: the impact of the envelopment is I research showing that ____ accounts for only about _% of ____ for many ____.
The Role of the Environment; Heredity; 50% of Variability; Characteristics
____ ____ model: ____ described development as involving interactions between the ____ and their ____ or ____, and his ____ ____ describes the context in terms of five environmental systems or levels.
Bronfenbrenner Ecological Model; Bronfenbrenner; Individual; Context or Environment; Ecological Model
The ____ is the child’s immediate environment and includes face to face relationships with the home, school, and neighborhood. The mesosystems refer to interactions between components of the micro system, such as the influence of family factors on the child behavior at school.
Microsystem
The ____ refers to interactions between components of the microsystem, such as the influence of family factors on the child’s behavior at school.
Mesosystem
The ____ consists of elements in the broader environment that affect the child’s immediate environment and includes the parents’ workplace, the school board, community agencies, local industry, and the mass media.
Exosystem
The ____ is comprised of such overreaching environmental influences as cultural beliefs and practices, economic conditions, and political ideologies.
Macrosystem
The ____ system consists of environmental events that occur over and individual’s lifespan and impact the individual in ways that depend on their circumstances and developmental stage, such as the immediate and long-term effects of change and family structure or socio-economic status.
Chronosystem
____ and ____: the long-term impact of environmental factors that place infants and young children at high risk has been explored by several investigators. Rutter (1985) proposed that the greater the number of risk factors a baby is exposed to, the greater the risk for ____ ____.
Risk and Resilience; Negative Outcomes
In one study Rutter found that psychiatric risk for children increased from _% for those with ____ or ____ risk factors to _% for those with four or more risk factors. Rudder concluded that the following six family characteristics known as ____ ____, are particularly accurate predictors of child psychopathology.
2%; One or No; 21%; Four More Risk Factors; Rutter’s Indicators
Rutter’s Indicators
- severe marital discord, low socioeconomic status, overcrowding or large family size, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology, and placement of the child outside of the home.
In their longitudinal city of high-risk infants on the island of Kauai, Warner and her colleagues found that, while infants who experience significant prenatal and perinatal stress had more ____ and ____ ____ than infants who did not, the differences between two groups of infants ____ ____.
Physical and Cognitive Difficulties; Declined Overtime
Positive outcomes for high-risk babies were more likely when they experienced fewer ____ ____ ____ such as more negative effects were associated with chronic poverty, family instability, and maternal health problems; he had an ____ ____ marked by a high degree of social responsivity, good communication skills, and consistent eating and sleeping patterns; see we’re provided with ____ ___ from a parent or other caregiver. Such findings were important because they suggest that high risk children demonstrate ____ ____ and that the negative effects of parental and perinatal stress are not always ____.
Stressors Following Birth; Easy Temperament; Stable Support; Considerable Resilience; Irreversible
____-____ ____: Several explanations of how genetic and environmental factors combine to produce an individual’s attributes have been proposed.
Heredity-Environment Interactions
____ ____: Some experts contend that there is a ____ of ____ for certain traits and that an individual’s status within that range depends on environmental factors. For instance, as previously noted, a person may be shorter than his or her genetic predisposition dictates due to illness or poor diet. According to this explanation, genetic make-up determines whether the reaction range is ____ or ____.
Reaction Range; Range of Reaction; Narrow or Broad
A child born with a defect that produces mild cognitive impairment will have a ____ ____ ____ than a child born with a defect that causes severe impairment and will, therefore, have a g-eater response to an enriched environment. Note that the term “____” is used to describe characteristics in which genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of possible outcomes.
Broader Reaction Range; Canalization
____-____ ____: This explanation proposes that a person’s genetic make-up influences the environments the person is exposed to and that exposure to those environments reinforces the person’s genetic make-up. There are three types of genotype-environment correlation.
Genotype-Environment Correlation
Occurs when children inherit genes from their parents that predispose them toward particular traits, and the parents provide the children with environments that encourage the development of those traits. For instance, the children of athletic parents are likely to be genetically predisposed to athleticism and will also be provided by their parents with a sports-oriented environment that encourages their interest and participation in sports.
Passive genotype-environment correlation