Attachment, Emotions, Aggression, and Moral Development Flashcards
____ refers to the strong emotional bond that develops between an infant and his or her primary caregiver(s).
Attachment
____ of ____: There are several explanations for the origins of attachment. ____ ____ describes the attachment of an infant to his or her mother as the consequence of ____ ____, while ____ ____ regards it more generally as the result of ____ (i.e., infants develop attachments to people who provide them with food, affection, and other pleasurable experiences). Of these two theories, ____ ____ has received the most support.
Theories of Attachment; Psychoanalytic Theory; Oral Gratification; Learning Theory; Reinforcement; Learning Theory
Infant rhesus monkeys in Harlow’s research were raised with two surrogate mothers, a wire-mesh mother and a ____ ____. Regardless of which mother provided food, the infants became attached to the terrycloth mother: They spent a great deal of time clinging to the cloth mother and ran to it when they were afraid. Based on these results, Harlow concluded that a baby’s attachment to his or her mother is due, in part, to ____ ____, or the ____ ____ ____ that is provided by a soft, cuddly parent.
Terrycloth Mother; Contact Comfort; Pleasant Tactile Sensation
____ (1980) ____ of ____ was influenced by ethology and evolutionary theory. It Proposes that exposure of an infant to his or her mother during a ____ ____ (the infant’s first year of life) results in a ____ between them that helps ensure the ____ ____. Bowlby proposed that humans are born with a biological predisposition that increases the likelihood that an ____ ____ ____: Infants are ____ to ____, ____, and ____ in order to get a caregiver’s attention, protection, and love, while adults are programmed to ____ to an ____ ____.
Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment; Exposure; Critical Period; Bond; Infant’s Survival; Attachment Will Form; Programmed to Cry, Smile, and Vocalize; Respond to an Infant’s Behaviors
Bowlby also distinguished between four stages of attachment development that occur during the first two years of life: ________________________________________________.
Preattachment, Attachment-in-the-Making, Clearcut Attachment, and the Formation of Reciprocal Relationships.
According to Bowlby, as a result of experiences during these stages, a child develops an ____ ____ ____, which is a mental representation of self and others that influences the child’s future relationships.
Internal Working Model
Signs of Attachment: During the first few months of life, infants emit attachment behaviors ____ but, by six to seven months of age, these behaviors become increasingly directed toward the ____ ____. ____ of ____ include social referencing and separation and stranger anxiety.
Indiscriminately; Primary Caregiver(s); Signs of Attachment
By about six months of age, infants begin to demonstrate ____ ____, which involves looking to a caregiver to determine how to respond to new or ambiguous situations. For example, studies have found that a one-year-old ‘s to cross a “visual cliff” depends on their mother’s facial expression. When the mother (who is standing on the opposite side of the cliff) looks happy, the child is likely to cross; but when the mother looks angry or afraid, the child is much less likely to do so.
Social Referencing
____ ____ refers to severe distress that occurs when a child is separated from their primary caregiver. It begins at about six to eight months of age. peaks in intensity at 14 to 18 months, and then gradually declines.
Separation Anxiety
____ ____: By about eight to ten months, infants become very anxious and fearful in the presence of a ____, especially when a caregiver is not nearby or when the caregiver does not respond positively to the ____. This stranger anxiety continues to about age two and then diminishes.
Stranger Anxiety; Stranger; Stranger
To assess the nature and consequences of attachment. Ainsworth devised the ____ ____ procedure, which consists of several phases during which the mother leaves her infant alone in a room with a stranger and then returns. Research using this technique has identified four distinct ____ of ____.
Strange Situation; Patterns of Attachment
____ ____: In the strange situation, a ____ ____ baby explores the room and plays with toys in the room while his or her mother is present. The baby becomes ____ ____ when the mother leaves and actively ____ ____ with her when she returns. Mothers of securely attached children are ____ ____ and responsive to their babies’ cues.
Secure Attachment; Securely Attached; Mildly Upset; Seeks Contact; Emotionally Sensitive
____ (____)/____ ____: A baby with this kind of attachment alternates between ____ and ____ their mother, becomes very disturbed when left alone with a stranger, and is ____ when the mother returns and may become ____ and ____ her attempts at physical contact. Mothers of these children often ____ and ____ in their caregiving (i.e., sometimes indifferent. at other times enthusiastic). (This pattern is also referred to as insecure/resistant attachment.
Insecure (Anxious)/Ambivalent Attachment; Clinging and Resisting; Disturbed; Ambivalent; Angry and Resist; Moody and Inconsistent
____ (____)/____ ____: An ____ baby interacts very little with their mother. shows ____ ____ when she leaves the room, and ____ or ____ them when she returns. These babies react to their mothers and strangers in a ____ ____. Mothers of avoidant children are very ____ and ____ or, at the other extreme, provide their children with too much ____.
Insecure (Anxious)/Avoidant Attachment; Avoidant; Little Distress; Avoids or Ignores; Similar Manner; Impatient and Unresponsive; Stimulation
____ /____ ____: These children exhibit ____ of their caregivers, a ____ or ____ ____ ____, and a variety of other ____ ____ behaviors (e.g., greeting mother when she returns but then turning away from her). About 80% of infants who have been ____ by their caregivers exhibit this pattern.
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment; Fear; Dazed or Confused Facial Expression; Disorganized Attachment; Mistreated
Early attachment has been found to predict several aspects of a child’s ____ ____. Compared to their insecurely attached peers, children who were ____ ____ as infants are more curious and less dependent on adults at 4 and 5 years of age, have more positive social interactions with peers, engage in more prosocial behaviors, exhibit greater empathy, and perform better academically in elementary school; and, as adults, they tend to have ____ ____ -____ and a strong sense of ____ ____. In contrast, children who exhibit a ____ /____ ____ ____ as infants are at an increased risk for hostile and aggressive behavior, low self-esteem, and low academic achievement in childhood.
Future Adjustment; Securely Attached; High Self-Esteem; Personal Identity; Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Pattern
The effects of ____ ____ are not always predictable. While some insecurely attached children have ____ ____ ____, others do not; and there is evidence that the impact of insecure attachment is related to ____ of ____ — i.e., insecurely attached infants are less likely to develop adjustment problems when their parents’ caregiving skills ____ and/or when they develop strong bonds to individuals ____ the ____ ____.
Insecure Attachment; Later Adjustment Problems; Continuity of Care; Improve; Outside the Immediate Family
____ to ____: The research has confirmed that infants ____ ____ to their fathers even when their mothers are the ____ ____ and that a ____ ____ -____ attachment is linked to positive social and cognitive outcomes for the child.
Attachment to Fathers; Form Attachments; Primary Caregivers; Secure Father-Infant Attachment
The basis for the attachment to mothers and fathers may differ: ____ ____ to her infant has been identified as the primary contributor to a secure mother-infant attachment, while ____ ____ in caregiving activities (especially vigorous physical play) has been identified as a key contributor to a secure father-infant attachment.
Maternal Sensitivity; Paternal Involvement
____ ____: Research studies examining the long-term effects of ____ ____ -____ ____ have looked at children who, as the result of being ____ during early childhood, are separated from their ____ ____ ____. These studies have found that children separated ____ to ____ ____ of ____ show little or no negative consequences, but that children who are ____ ____ or ____ at the time of separation exhibit moderate to extreme reactions, including feeding and sleeping problems, social withdrawal, increased stranger anxiety, and either physical rejection of the new mother or excessive clinging to her.
Prolonged Separation; Early Parent-Child Separation; Adopted; Initial Primary Caregivers; Prior to Three Monthe of Age; Nine Months or Older
Results of early parent-child separation studies are consistent with the finding that ____ ____ has the most negative impact when separation of the mother and infant occurs during the ____ ____ of the ____ ____ of ____. In this situation, the infant may develop ____ ____, a syndrome involving developmental delays, unresponsiveness, and withdraw.
Early Institutionalization; Second Half of the First Year of Life; Anaclitic Depression
Longitudinal research by Tizard and colleagues confirmed that “____ ____ “ have higher-than-normal rates of emotional and behavioral problems but also that children initially raised in ____ are subsequently able to develop a ____ ____ with their adoptive parents as long as they are adopted by ____ ____ of ____.
Late Adoptees; Institutions; Close Bond; Six Years of Age
____ ____ of ____: A meta-analysis of the research using the ____ ____ ____ has confirmed a relationship between parents’ own early attachment experiences and the attachment patterns of their children.
Intergenerational Effects of Attachment; Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
Adults are classified as ____ on the AAI when they give coherent descriptions of their childhood relationships with their parents. These adults tend to have children who exhibit a ____ ____ in the strange situation.
Autonomous; Secure Attachment
