Family and Peers

Question 1

____ ____ in the United States have ____ since the early 1980s, but current estimates are that _ to _% of ____ ____ -____ ____ ____ ____ in ____.

Answer 1

Divorce Rates; Declined; 40 – 50%; Recent First-Time Marriages will End in Divorce

Question 2

Predictors of Divorce: Several ____ ____ have been identified as ____ of ____. For example, results of the National Survey of Family Growth (National Center for Health Statistics, 2002) indicate that, for women, the risk for divorce is greatest when they marry at a ____ ____; have a lower level of no ____ ____, are in a ____ -____ ____; come from a ____ -____ ____, were ____, had a ____ ____ to ____ or within ____ ____ of ____, or ____ with their ____ ____ ____.

Answer 2

Demographic Characteristics; Predictors of Divorce; Young Age; Education; Religious Affiliation; Mixed-Ethnic Relationship; Single-Parent Home; Raped; Child Prior to Marriage; Seven Months of Marriage; Cohabited with their Partner Before Mariage

Question 3

Risk for divorce has also been linked to the married couple’s ____ ____. A 14-year longitudinal study by Gottman and Levenson (2000) identified two interaction patterns that are predictive of divorce: The ____ ____ ____ -____ ____ is predictive of earlier divorce and is characterized by ____ ____. This pattern is consistent with previous research by Gottman and colleagues, which revealed that it is how ____ is ____ with (rather than the anger itself) that accurately predicts the risk for divorce.

Answer 3

Interaction Style; Emotionally Volatile Attack-Defend Pattern; Escalating Negativity; Anger is Dealt with

Question 4

Investigators found that the ____ of ____ is predictive of divorce when it consistently involves a combination of criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling (the “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”).

Answer 4

Expression of Anger

Question 5

The ____ ____ ____ is predictive of later divorce and is characterized by suppression of both ____ and ____ ____. Couples exhibiting this pattern not only ____ ____ but also ____ -____ and any other form of ____ ____.

Answer 5

Emotionally Inexpressive Pattern; Positive and Negative Affect; Avoid Conflict; Self-Disclosure; Emotional Engagement

Question 6

____ of ____ on ____: Children’s adjustment following the divorce of their parents is affected by several factors, including the ability of parents to ____ ____ their ____.

Answer 6

Effects of Divorce on Parenting; Effectively Parent their Children

Question 7

Wolchik and colleagues (2000) found that children exhibited ____ ____ ____ following the divorce of their parents when their mothers exhibited a ____ ____ of ____ and ____ in ____.

Answer 7

Fewer Adjustment Problems; High Degree of Acceptance and Consistency in Discipline

Question 8

Unfortunately, divorced parents often experience ____ ____ and changes in ____ that include a ____ ____ to ____: Mothers, who usually have ____ ____ of the children, are frequently socially isolated and lonely, and experience a decline in income. They also tend to be ____, ____, and ____ ____ and ____ toward their children (especially sons), and they monitor their children’s ____ ____ ____ and are ____ ____ but more ____ in terms ____.

Answer 8

Emotional Distress; Functioning; Diminished Capacity to Parent; Physical Custody; Uncommunicative, Impatient, and Less Warm and Loving; Activities Less Closely; Less Consistent; Authoritarian; Punishment

Question 9

____ ____ have ____ ____, although they may adjust to their situation ____ than do ____ ____. Finally, ____ ____ tend to be ____ ____ and ____ with their children during ____. and, after the first few months, their visits often ____ in ____.

Answer 9

Custodial Fathers; Similar Problems; Sooner; Custodial Mothers; Noncustodial Fathers; Overly Permissive and Indulgent; Visits; Decline in Number

Question 10

Effects of Divorce on Children: The ____ of ____ on ____ are usually most profound during the ____ ____ ____ the ____. ____ ____ include increased misbehavior, aggression, and delinquency; lower academic achievement; problems related to psychological and emotional functioning; lowered self-esteem; and disruptions in interpersonal relationships.

Answer 10

Effects of Divorce on Children; First Year After the Divorce; Common Effects

Question 11

The consequences of divorce are related to several factors including the ____ ____; Children who are ____ at the time of the divorce initially exhibit more problems than older children, probably because they are less able to ____ the ____ for ____ and are more likely to ____ ____ and fear they will be ____ by both parents. In contrast, the long-term consequences may be worse for ____ ____.

Answer 11

Child’s Age; Preschoolers; Understand the Reasons for Divorce; Blame Themselves; Abandoned by Both; Older Children

Question 12

Wallerstein (1987) found that children who were six to eight years old at the time of the divorce exhibited ____ ____ ten years later and feared they would have ____ ____ themselves.

Answer 12

Painful Memories; Unsuccessful Marriages

Question 13

Research examining the relationship between gender and the effects of divorce has produced somewhat ____ ____. Some studies show that ____ are more adversely affected and recover more slowly. Other research suggests that ____ may show ____ ____ ____ but that the long-term consequences are ____ for boys and girls so that, by adolescence, gender differences are ____ ____.

Answer 13

Inconsistent Results; Boys; Boys; Greater Distress Initially; Similar; Less Apparent

Question 14

The similarity of adolescent boys and girls has been attributed to a “____ ____,” in which girls who were in preschool or elementary school at the time of the divorce do not show negative consequences until adolescence when they develop several problems including noncompliant behavior, decreased self-esteem, and sexual promiscuity. As young adults, these girls are at high risk for experiencing ____ and ____ ____ about ____ and ____ in ____ ____, choosing a husband who is ____ ____, and getting ____ themselves.

Answer 14

Sleeper Effect; Depression and Intense Anxiety about Betrayal and Abandonment in Romantic Relationships; Psychologically Unstable; Divorced

Question 15

Custody Arrangements: Another factor that has been linked to child outcomes is the ____ ____. Several investigators report that children who live with the ____ -____ ____ do better than those living with the ____ -____ ____ – e.g., they have higher levels of self-esteem, lower anxiety and depression, and lower levels of antisocial behavior.

Answer 15

Custody Arrangement; Same-Sex Parent; Opposite-Sex Parent

Question 16

Buchanan, Maccoby, and Dornbusch (1996) found that adolescent boys and girls living with their fathers had ____ ____ and ____ ____ than those living with their mothers, apparently due, in part, to the residential father’s lack of ____ of the ____ ____. Regardless of custody arrangements (whether the child is living with the same- or opposite-sex parent). adjustment outcomes are better when children have ____, ____ ____ with the ____ ____.

Answer 16

Poorer Adjustment and School Grades; Monitoring of the Teen’s Activities; Frequent, Reliable Contacts; Noncustodial Parent

Question 17

There is evidence that ____ ____ does not improve outcomes for children when the divorce is ____ and may worsen outcomes when the divorce is ____ ____.

Answer 17

Shared Custody; Amicable; Highly Conflicted

Question 18

____ ____: There is evidence that boys with ____ ____ ____ exhibited ____ ____ prior to the divorce, apparently because the parents’ ____ was a ____ ____. This finding is consistent with studies showing that (a) children with divorced parents or unhappily married parents do not differ ____ with regard to behavioral problems, (b) ____ ____ ____ are more detrimental to a child’s well-being than is a stable single-parent or stepparent family, (c) children whose parents report a high level of pre-divorce ____ are better off in terms of psychological well-being after the divorce than are children whose parents report a ____ ____ of pre-divorce conflict, and (d) a lack of parental conflict ____ the divorce is more important for a child’s adjustment to divorce than the ____ of ____ with the noncustodial parent. These findings have led some experts to conclude that it is ____ ____ rather than ____, that increases the risk for ____ ____ for children.

Answer 18

Parental Conflict; Serious Behavioral Problems; Similar Difficulties; Marriage was a Troubled One; Substantially; Conflictual Intact Families; Conflict; Low Level; After; Frequency of Contact; Parental Conflict; Divorce; Adverse Outcomes

Question 19

Research on ____ has consistently found that, when compared to children living in biological two-parent families, children living with a parent and stepparent have ____ ____ in terms of academic performance, social relationships, and psychological and physical health.

Answer 19

Remarriage; Worse Outcomes

Question 20

The differences between the two groups of children are often ____. Amato and Keith (1991), for example, report an average effect size of .17 across a variety of child outcomes, which means that the adjustment of children in stepfamilies is only .17 standard deviations below the adjustment of children in intact families. Researchers have also found that the apparent negative outcomes are ____ ____ when the effects of ____ ____ ____ – e.g., family socioeconomic status, family history of instability, and child’s preexisting adjustment problems — ____ ____.

Answer 20

Small; Reduced Substantially; Certain Antecedent Conditions; Are Controlled

Question 21

There is evidence that the impact of remarriage is related to the ____ ____ In a longitudinal study, Hetherington (1993) found that stress and conflict between parents and their children was greatest when children were nine years of age or older at the time of the remarriage and that ____ ____ was “an especially deleterious time in which to have a remarriage occur.”

Answer 21

Child’s Age; Early Adolescence

Question 22

To help explain why early adolescents have more trouble adapting to remarriage than younger or older youngsters do, Hetherington proposes that the ____ of a ____ at this time may exacerbate the normal adjustment problems characteristic of this age, especially problems related to ____ and ____.

Answer 22

Introduction of a Stepparent; Autonomy and Sexuality

Question 23

Studies investigating the effects of gender on adjustment to parental remarriage have produced ____ ____. While most studies indicate that girls have more problems than boys do. some studies report the opposite effect or, alternatively. no gender effect.

Answer 23

Inconsistent Results

Question 24

Research indicating worse outcomes for girls often report that girls in ____ ____ have the most problems, especially in families with a stepfather. In contrast, there is evidence that having a ____ may actually ____ ____ for ____, particularly ____ ____: Over time, these boys often develop ____ ____ with their ____ and become fairly ____ from boys in ____ families in terms of ____ ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 24

Early Adolescence; Stepfather; Beneficial for Boys; Preadolescent Boys; Close Relationships; Stepfathers; Indistinguishable; Nondivorced; Behavioral Problems and Academic Achievement

Question 25

____ frequently express concerns about their ability to discipline and provide ____ to their stepchildren, and children confirm that stepparents (especially stepfathers) are ____ involved with them than their biological parents are. In fact, regarding parenting, the best general conclusion that can be drawn about ____ Is that they are more distant and disengaged than their biological counterparts.

Answer 25

Stepparents; Less Involved; Stepfathers

Question 26

There is also evidence that the ____ ____ ____ by a ____ is an important determinant of the ____ -____ ____ and the ____ ____: An ____ ____ ____ has a positive effect, especially on the ____-____ ____; and in general, the best outcomes occur when the stepparent is ____, ____, and ____ of the ____ ____ ____.

Answer 26

Parenting Style Adopted; Stepparent; Stepparent-Stepchild Relationship; Stepchild’s Adjustment; Authoritative Parenting Style; Stepfather-Stepson Relationship; Warm, Involved, and Supportive of the Biological Parent’s Authority

Question 27

Research on the ____ of ____ ____ has provided inconsistent results, but probably the best conclusion is that its ____ ____ its ____, especially for older children: Children of working women have more ____ ____ -____ ____ and more positive views of ____, and daughters have higher levels of ____ -____, ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____, and higher ____ ____.

Answer 27

Effects of Maternal Employment; Benefits Outweigh its Costs; Older Children; Egalitarian Gender-Role Concepts; Femininity; Self-Esteem, Independence, Academic Achievement, and Achievement Motivation; Career Goals

Question 28

Some studies suggest that, in lower-SES (socioeconomic status) families, sons of working mothers obtain higher scores on measures of ____ ____, but, in ____ -___ ____; they may obtain lower scores on ____ and ___ ____.

Answer 28

Cognitive Development; Higher-SES Families; Achievement and IQ Tests

Question 29

There is also evidence that maternal employment is most likely to have ____ ____ for ____ (e.g., lower school achievement, more behavioral problems, and increased mother-child conflict) when it is combined with low levels of ____ ____ and ____. Finally, maternal employment is less likely to have a negative impact on children if both parents have a ____ ____ attitude toward it.

Answer 29

Negative Outcomes for Boys; Parental Supervision and Monitoring; Positive Attitude

Question 30

Research on the effects of daycare has produced inconsistent findings but, overall, it appears that ____ -____ ____ does not have a detrimental impact and may have benefits for children’s ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 30

High-Quality Daycare; Cognitive and Social Development

Question 31

Children attending a high-quality daycare center tend to do better in terms of ____ ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____ than those raised at home with a parent or babysitter or at a daycare home. These effects may be ____ however, with daycare center children becoming indistinguishable from other children by the end of first grade.

Answer 31

Intelligence Test Scores, Creative Play, and Language Skills; Temporary

Question 32

The positive effects may also be related to ____ ____ of the child: For example, ____ -____ ____ may experience faster ____ ____ if they attend a quality daycare center than if they stay at home. Regarding social development, there is evidence that beginning daycare during the first year of life is predictive of having ____ ____, being more ____ with friends, and being more ____ in preschool; but unfortunately, it is also associated with higher levels of ____, ____, and ____ toward other children.

Answer 32

Certain Characteristics; High-Risk Infants; Intellectual Growth; More Friends; Affectionate; Assertive; Disobedience, Demandingness and Aggression

Question 33

Some studies suggest that extensive non-maternal care during a child’s ____ ____ (more than 20 hours per week) leads to ____ ____, but this issue is still being debated. It appears, however, that children are less likely to exhibit insecure attachment to their parents when they have formed a ____ ____ -____ ____ before beginning daycare, receive ____ ____ at home, and attend ____ -____ ____.

Answer 33

First Year; Insecure Attachment; Strong Parent-Child Bond; Sensitive Caregiving; High-Quality Daycare

Question 34

Studies evaluating the effects of having a ____ or ____ ____ on a child’s development suggest that the nature of the ____ -____ ____ is more important than a parent’s ____ ____: Overall, children of gay and lesbian parents are ____ to children of heterosexual parents in terms of social relations, psychological adjustment, cognitive functioning, gender identity development, gender role behavior, and sexual orientation.

Answer 34

Gay or Lesbian Parent; Parent-Child Relationship; Sexual Orientation; Similar

Question 35

In addition, the studies have confirmed that the parenting skills of lesbian mothers and gay fathers are ____ (or even superior) to those of matched heterosexual couples. For example, Flaks et al. (1995) found that the ____ ____ ____ of lesbian couples were stronger than those of heterosexual couples.

Answer 35

Similar; Parenting Awareness Skills

Question 36

There is also evidence that the childrearing problems encountered by lesbian and heterosexual single mothers are ____ and that children being raised by a single lesbian or single heterosexual mother do not ____ ____ in terms of ____ -____ ____.

Answer 36

Similar; Differ Significantly; Socio-Emotional Development

Question 37

Data collected by the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012) indicates that child maltreatment ____ somewhat from 2008 to 2012, with about nine of every 1,000 children in the population being victimized in 2012. In terms of type of abuse, 78.3% of victims were ____, 18.3% were ____ ____, 9.3% were ____ ____, and 8.5% were ____ ____. The data also revealed that 80.3% of the perpetrators of maltreatment were ____, with 88.5% of the parents being ____ ____.

Answer 37

Declined; Neglected; Physically Abused; Sexually Abused; Psychologically Maltreated; Parents; Biological Parents

Question 38

Child maltreatment has ____, ____, ____, and ____ ____ for its victims. Children who have been physically abused often have delays in ____ ____ and ____ ____ ____; they have ____ ____ and more problems in their relationships with ____ and ____ ____, and they often exhibit ____ and other ____ ____.

Answer 38

Physical, Emotional, Social, and Intellectual Consequences; Cognitive Development and Poor School Achievement; Fewer Friends; Teachers and Other Adults; Aggressiveness; Behavioral Problems

Question 39

In terms of the outcomes of ____ ____ ____ for male and female victims, there is no clear consensus. Several studies have found no ____ ____ ____; but, when differences are found, the outcomes are worse for ____ than for ____. The studies also suggest that the effects of sexual abuse tend to be less severe when the abuse was committed by a stranger than by a ____ ____ or other ____ ____.

Answer 39

Child Sexual Abuse; Consistent Gender Differences; Females; Males; Stranger; Family Member; Familiar Person

Question 40

____ ____ associated with an increased risk for child maltreatment: premature birth, low birth weight, difficult temperament, chronic illness or disability, younger age (children under three years old are at highest risk for physical abuse, preteens and teens are at highest risk for sexual abuse), gender (girls are at greater risk than boys for sexual abuse).

Answer 40

Child Characteristics

Question 41

____ ____ associated with an increased risk for child maltreatment: history of maltreatment as a child, alcohol or drug abuse, psychopathology, reliance on harsh discipline, unreasonable expectations for the child, low education level, younger age (under 30), poor impulse control.

Answer 41

Parent Characteristics

Question 42

____ ____ associated with an increased risk for child maltreatment: poverty, unemployment, social isolation, marital instability, domestic violence, lack of access to medical care and social services, crowded living conditions.

Answer 42

Family Characteristics

Question 43

Sibling Relationships: The nature of ____ ____ varies over the course of childhood and adolescence: Most interactions between young siblings involve ____, ____ -____ ____. However, middle-childhood is usually marked by a paradoxical combination of ____ /____ and ____ /____. During this period, siblings continue to rely on each other for ____ and ____, but ____ ____ ____ and is most intense among ____ -____ ____ who are 1-1/2 to 3 years apart in age and whose parents provide ____ ____.

Answer 43

Sibling Relationships; Prosocial, Play-Oriented Behaviors; Closeness/Conflict and Cooperation/Competition; Support and Companionship; Sibling Rivalry Increases; Same-Gender Siblings; Inconsistent Discipline

Question 44

In adolescence, siblings spend ____ ____ ____, their relationship becomes ____ ____ ____ and ____ ____, and the friction between them usually ____ as they begin to view one another as ____. Finally, studies looking at sibling relationships in later adulthood reveal a great deal of ____. Overall, though, it appears that siblings who experienced a ____ ____ in ____ are likely to become even closer in ____ ____ while those who had a ____ ____ may become even more ____ and ____.

Answer 44

Less Time Together; Less Emotionally Intense and More Distant; Declines; Equals; Variability; Close Relationship in Childhood; Old Age; Poor Relationship; Hostile and Rivalrous

Question 45

Parten (1932) was one of the first researchers to study childhood play, and her categorization distinguishes between three types of ____ -____ ____ and three types of social play: Nonsocial play includes ____ ____ which involves random movements that do not seem to have a goal; ____ ____ which takes place when a child watches other children play and may make comments but doesn’t participate in the play behavior; and ____ ____ occurs when the child plays alone and independently of others.

Answer 45

Non-Social Play; Social Play; Unoccupied Play; Onlooker Play; Solitary Play

Question 46

Social play includes ____ ____ which occurs when the child plays alongside other children and shares the same toys but does not interact with them; ____ ____ involves interacting with other children and playing with the same toys but without organization or shared goals; and ____ ____ involves organized group interactions for the purpose of achieving common goals. Regarding age, younger children are more likely to be engaged in ____ ____, while older children are more likely to participate ____ ____ ____.

Answer 46

Parallel Play; Associative Play; Cooperative Play; Nonsocial Play; In Social Play

Question 47

____ and ____ ____: The nature of peer and other relationships vary over the ____ and depend on several factors including the individual’s ____ and ____.

Answer 47

Peer and Social Relationships; Lifespan; Age and Gender

Question 48

____ in ____ and ____: Damon (1988) has described differences in friendships during childhood and adolescence in terms of three developmental stages.

Answer 48

Friendships in Childhood and Adolescence

Question 49

The first stage occurs between the ages of 4 and 7. In this stage, friends are “____” (children who like each other and enjoy playing together).

Answer 49

Playmates

Question 50

From ages 8 through 10, ____ and ____ are critical aspects of friendship and children believe that friends are a source of ____ and ____.

Answer 50

Trust and Assistance; Friendship; Help and Support

Question 51

Beginning at about age 11, ____ and ____ become important factors. For preadolescents and adolescents, friends do not “____, ____, or ____ you.”

Answer 51

Intimacy and Loyalty; Deceive, Reject, or Abandon

Question 52

Gender differences in friendship become apparent during the ____ ____: Females are drawn more to the ____ and ____ ____ of friendships, and they have more ____ ____ and engage in more ____ ____ -____ than males. In contrast, males place greater emphasis on ____ ____ and ____, have a larger number of friends, and spend more time participating in ____ ____.

Answer 52

School Years; Emotional and Intimate Aspects; Exclusive Friendships; Intimate Self-Disclosure; Shared Interests and Activities; Friends; Large Groups

Question 53

In adulthood, the ____ of peer relationships seems to be more important than the ____ Having at least one ____, for instance, helps ensure ____ ____ -____. Research on the ____ ____ shows that the subjective perception of social support is more critical than ____ ____, not only for alleviating ____ of ____ but also for reducing the effects of ____ and the risk for ____ ____ ____.

Answer 53

Quality; Quantity; Confidant; Emotional Well-Being; Buffering Hypotheses; Actual Support; Feelings of Loneliness; Stress; Coronary Heart Disease

Question 54

____ ____: Children who are ____ with their peers have good ____ and ____ ____ and regularly engage in ____ ____ (i.e., they often empathize, share, and cooperate with others). They also tend to be ____ -____, ____, and ____, and they are able to control their ____ ____.

Answer 54

Peer Status; Popular; Social and Communication Skills; Prosocial Behaviors; Self-Confident, Happy, and Enthusiastic; Negative Emotions

Question 55

At the other extreme are ____ and ____ ____. ____ -____ ____ tend to be hostile, hyperactive, and impulsive and have difficulty regulating negative emotions and taking the perspective of others. In contrast, ____ -____ ____, have a high degree of social anxiety, tend to be submissive, have negative expectations about how others treat them, and are often the ____ of ____.

Answer 55

Rejected and Neglected Children; Rejected-Aggressive Children; Rejected-Withdrawn Children; Victims of Bullies

Question 56

____ ____ have fewer-than-average interactions with peers and rarely engage in disruptive behaviors. For many of these children, being alone is ____, and they do not report being particularly ____ or ____.

Answer 56

Neglected Children; Desirable; Lonely or Unhappy

Question 57

The research on ____ and ____ ____ has found that, overall, outcomes are worse for children who are ____ ____ by their ____: ____ ____ not only express ____ ____ and ____ ____ but are also less likely to experience an improvement in ____ ____ when they change ____ ____.

Answer 57

Rejected and Neglected Children; Actively Rejected; Peers; Rejected Children; Greater Loneliness and Peer Dissatisfaction; Peer Status; Social Groups

Question 58

____ ____ in ____: Carstensen’s (1993) ____ ____ ____ addresses the motivational processes that underlie changes in the quality and quantity of social relationships over the lifespan and predicts that social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being limited or unlimited.

Answer 58

Social Relationships in Adulthood; Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Question 59

An assumption underlying socioemotional selectivity theory is that social goals have two primary functions — the ____ of ____ and the ____ of ____: When time is perceived as ____, behavior is aimed at pursuing ____ -____, ____ -____ ____, and this leads to a preference for ____ or ____ ____ ____ who have the potential of providing ____ ____.

Answer 59

Acquisition of Knowledge; Regulation of Emotion; Unlimited; Future-Oriented, Knowledge-Based Goals; New or Novel Social Partners; New Information

Question 60

In contrast, when time is perceived as ____, ____ -____, ____ -____ ____ take ____, and this leads to a preference for ____ ____ ____ ____, ____ ____ ____, and a reduced number of ____ ____.

Answer 60

Limited, Present-Oriented, Emotion-Based Goals; Priority; Emotionally Close Social Partners, Greater Partner Selectivity; Social Partners

Question 61

Although older adults are more likely than younger adults to perceive time as ____ (and, therefore, to prefer emotionally close partners), there are ____. For example, younger adults who view time as limited due to a ____ -____ ____ are also likely to prefer ____ ____ ____ ____.

Answer 61

Limited; Exceptions; Life-Threatening Illness; Emotionally Close Social Partners

Question 62

Although ____ ____ during ____ is generally stronger for ____ ____ than ____ ____, at about age 14 to 15, ____ ____ ____, and it is then that adolescents are most responsive to all types of ____ ____ – neutral, positive, and negative.

Answer 62

Peer Influence Adolescence; Prosocial Behaviors; Antisocial Ones; Peer Conformity Peaks; Peer Influence

Question 63

Compliance to peer pressure generally ____ in later adolescence with a few important exceptions: Older adolescents report the ____ ____ of ____ ____ related to smoking, drinking alcohol, and engaging in sexual intercourse.

Answer 63

Declines; Greatest Degree of Peer Pressure

Question 64

Studies comparing the relative influence of peers and parents during adolescence have found that ____ have more ____ than parents with regard to ____ ____ such as music, clothing, and social activities. In contrast, ____ are more ____ when it comes to basic ____ and ____ and ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 64

Peers; Influence; Parents; Everyday Issues; Parents; Influential; Basic Beliefs and Values and Educational and Career Goals

Question 65

____ ____: Although marital roles have changed in recent decades, recent research has confirmed that ____ ____ continue to be common in the United States and other Western countries — i.e., in many households, the husband is primarily responsible for the economic well-being of the family, while the wife assumes responsibility for the care of the children and doing the housework.

Answer 65

Marital Roles; Traditional Roles

Question 66

Research by the Institute for Social Research indicates that, while men whose wives ____ ____ the ____ tend to perform more ____ ____ than do men in ____ -____ ____, ____ ____ continue to spend nearly ____ as ____ ____ on these ____ than do their ____.

Answer 66

Work Outside the Home; Household Chores; Single-Earner Families, Working Wives; Twice as Much Time; Chores; Husbands

Question 67

Higher levels of ____ ____ have been linked to several factors including partner ____ in ____, ____ ____, ____, and ____; marrying after age ¬_; dating for at least _ ____ prior to marriage; and waiting to have children until at least _ ____ after marriage.

Answer 67

Marital Satisfaction; Similarity in Age, Socioeconomic Status, Education, and Religion; 23; 6 Months; One Year

Question 68

Several cross-sectional studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s found a __-____ relationship between ____ ____ and ____ ____, with the greatest ____ occurring during the ____ ____ of marriage. Although these findings are frequently cited in textbooks, several subsequent studies using different methodologies have ____ ____ this ____ but, instead, have found either ____ ____, a ____ ____, or a ____ ____ between ____ ____ and ____.

Answer 68

U-Shaped Relationship; Marital Duration and Marital Satisfaction; Dissatisfaction; Middle Years; Not Supported this Pattern; No Relationship, a Negative Relationship, or a Positive Relationship; Marital Duration and Satisfaction

Question 69

VanLaningham, Johnson, and Amato’s (2001) five-wave panel longitudinal study suggested that marital satisfaction either ____ ____ ____ ____ or ____ ____ and then ____.

Answer 69

Declines Steadily Over Time or Initially Declines; Stabilizes

Question 70

Several researchers have investigated the impact of children leaving home on marital satisfaction. In contrast to the popular belief that adults experience a decline in marital satisfaction after all children have left home (i.e., that they experience an “____ ____ ____”), their studies have generally found that ____ ____ ____. In addition, Gorchoff, John, and Helson (2008) found that, for ____, the increase in marital satisfaction is related more to an increase in ____ of ____ with their partner than to the ____ of ____ ____ ____.

Answer 70

Empty Nest Syndrome; Marital Satisfaction Increases; Women; Quality of Interactions; Quantity of Time Spent Together

Question 71

Maternal employment to a) more egalitarian gender concepts and b) lower achievement scores for boys in high-SES families

Answer 71

sibling relationships to a) increased rivalry in middle childhood and b) less intensity and more egalitarianism in adolescence; and rejected children to more negative outcomes, including continued rejection even when the social group is changed.

Question 72

Women are at higher risk for divorce when they marry at a young age, have a lower level of education, had a child before marriage or within (l) ____ of marriage, or cohabitated with their partner prior to marriage. Gottesman and Levenson identified two interaction patterns that are predictive of divorce: An emotionally (2) ____ pattern is predictive of earlier divorce, while an emotionally (3) ____ pattern is predictive of later divorce.

Answer 72

(l) seven months; (2) volatile attack-defend; (3) inexpressive

Question 73

Following divorce. custodial mothers are often less warm and loving toward their children and are less consistent but more (4) ____ in terms of punishment. The effects of divorce on children tend to be most profound during the (5) ____ after the divorce, but the specific consequences are related to the child’s age and gender. Children who are (6) ____ at the time of the divorce initially exhibit the most problems, while children who are (7) ____ may exhibit more long-term negative consequences.

Answer 73

(4) authoritarian; (5) first year; (6) preschoolers; (7) older (6-8 years old)

Question 74

A number of studies that the immediate consequences of divorce are worse for male children, but there may be a (8) ____ effect for female children, who don’t show serious problems initially but develop problems in adolescence. Some research suggests that it is (9) ____, rather than the divorce itself, that creates risk for children. Remarriage is generally more difficult for older children and adolescents, but (10) ____ may actually benefit from the presence of a stepfather. Overall, the relationship between stepfathers and their stepchildren is best described as (11) ____.

Answer 74

(8) sleeper; (9) parental conflict; (10) Preadolescent boys; (1l) disengaged

Question 75

The benefits of maternal employment seem to outweigh its costs: Children of working mothers exhibit more egalitarian (12) ____, and, in lower-SES families, sons of working mothers obtain higher scores on measures of (13) ____. Research on the effects of daycare has produced inconsistent results but, overall, it appears that high-quality daycare does not have a (14) ____. Studies comparing children of gay or lesbian parents with heterosexual parents indicate that the psychological adjustment, gender identity development, and sexual orientation of these children are (15) ____. In terms of child sexual abuse, there is evidence that the negative consequences are less severe when the perpetrator is a (16) ____.

Answer 75

(12) gender-role concepts; (13) cognitive development; (14) detrimental impact; (15) similar; (16) stranger

Question 76

In middle childhood, sibling relationships are marked by a paradoxical combination of (17) ____ and cooperation/competition; while, in adolescence, sibling relationships become less (18) ____ and more distant and egalitarian. Play is viewed as essential for all aspects of a child’s development: (19) ____ play, for example, provides opportunities to develop cognitive abilities related to symbolizing, imitation, and problem solving. As described by Parten (1932), children’s nonsocial play includes unoccupied, onlooker, and solitary play, while their social play includes parallel, associative, and (20) ____ play.

Answer 76

(17) closeness/conflict; (18) emotionally intense; (19) Dramatic (imaginative); (20) cooperative

Question 77

Research on the (21) ____ hypothesis indicates that the subjective perception of social support is more critical than actual support for alleviating feelings of loneliness and reducing the effects of stress. Studies comparing outcomes for rejected and neglected children have found that (22) ____ children are less likely to experience an improvement in peer status when they change social groups. Peer pressure to conform peaks at about age (23) ____ and, at this time, adolescents are responsive to all types of peer influence — neutral, positive, and negative. Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being (24) ____.

Answer 77

(21) buffering; (22) rejected; (23) 14 or 15; (24) limited or unlimited

Question 78

Although early cross-sectional studies found a (25) ____ relationship between marital duration and satisfaction, subsequent studies using a different methodology have generally not supported that pattern.