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Microbiology > Study Guide Lecture 1 Part 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide Lecture 1 Part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is a microscopic organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microbes

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2
Q

Refers to a set of practices and procedures used to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms in medical, laboratory, and other settings.

Prevent contamination of sterile surfaces

A

Aseptic technique

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3
Q

Hand hygiene
Sterilization of equipment
Use of PPE
Disinfecting surfaces
Minimizing exposures

A

Aseptic techniques

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4
Q

A ______ is a substance used to set or stabilize stains of dyes; in this case, grams iodine acts like a trapping agent that complexes with the crystal violet, making the crystal violet iodine complex clump and stay contained in thick layers of peptidoglycan in the cell walls.

A

Mordant

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5
Q

Combines positive staining with negative staining

Basic dye stains the cell

Acidic dye stains the background

The ______ appears as a halo around a colored cell

A

Capsule

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6
Q

The major component of bacterial cell walls is called _______; it is only found in bacteria.

A

Peptidoglycan

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7
Q

Typically Form the bulky mass of extra cellular matrix

A

Proteoglycans

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8
Q

Gram negative cell walls are structurally more complex, containing a thin layer peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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9
Q

Functions as an endotoxin in infections involving gram negative bacteria, contributing to symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and septic shock.

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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10
Q

States that diseases may result from microbial infection

A

Germ theory of disease

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11
Q

Occurs when when a wave bounces off of a material.

A red piece of cloth may reflect red light to our eyes while absorbing other colors of light.

A

Reflection

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12
Q

Occurs when a material captures the energy of a light wave.

In the case of glow and the dark plastics, the energy from light absorbed and then later re-emitted as another form of phosphorescence.

A

Absorbance

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13
Q

Occurs when light waves change direction as they enter a new medium

A

Refraction

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14
Q

Is defined as the ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object when compared to a real one

A

Magnification

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15
Q

Magnification of 10X means that the image appears _____ the size of the object as viewed with the naked eye

A

10 times larger

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16
Q

Is the ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate

Poor _____ results in a fuzzy image

A

Resolution

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17
Q

Resolution is affected by

A

Wave length

Numerical aperture

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18
Q

The _____ of a lens indicates how much it can magnify a specimen

A

Power

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19
Q

Bacteria require greater _____ than eukaryotic cells

A

Magnification

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20
Q

Is the visible difference between a specimen and its background

A

Contrast

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21
Q

Most cells are transparent, resulting in low _____ when viewed on a light background

A

Contrast

22
Q

Staining cells increases ______, increasing visibility

A

Contrast

23
Q

Placing _____ between the lens and specimen reduces refraction
More light is captured by objective lens

Results in greater resolution at higher magnification

A

Immersion oil

24
Q

Immersions oil lenses (usually 100x) are specially designed to be used with immersion oil. Do not use immersion oil with

A

40 x objective

25
Q

Adheres the specimen to the slide
Kills the cells
Coagulates cytoplasm proteins, which can increase visibility when stained
Common fixatives : heat and chemicals

A

Fixation

26
Q

If a sample is to be stained a ____ must be made

A

Smear

27
Q

A ____ is composed of all the microbes that live in and on a host

Estimated ranges 1:1 to 10:1

A

Microbiome

28
Q

Colonize the host long term

Do not cause disease under normal conditions

May cause opportunistic disease

A

Normal microbiota

29
Q

Colonize the host for a short period of time

May be present for days, weeks, or months

A

Transient microbiota

30
Q

This pump uses ATP as energy to move three Na+ ions out and two K+ in

A

Sodium potassium pump

31
Q

More microbes are established during and immediately after birth

Vaginal birth

Cesarean birth

A

Lactobacillius and bacteriodes

Staphylococcus epidermis

32
Q

Antibiotic use is associated with

A

Yeast infections

Vaginitis
Thrush

C. Difficile colitis

33
Q

Is a disease caused by a eukaryotic parasite transmitted to humans by mosquitoes

A

Malaria

34
Q

Is a common fungal infection of the skin

A

Ringworm

35
Q

Causes thrush and vaginitis

A

Candida albicans

36
Q

A dimorphic fungus, causes subcutaneous mycoses also know as

A

Rose gardener disease

37
Q

Algae May cause disease in humans due to harmful algal blooms

A

Red tide

38
Q

Is an effective method to distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls, and is the most frequently used staining techniques

A

Gram staining

39
Q

Steps to gram staining

A
  1. First crystal violet, primary stain is applied to heat fixed smear
  2. Next gram mordant is added
  3. Next a decolorizing agent is added usually an ethanol or an acetone
  4. Finally a counterstain usually Safranin
40
Q

Gram stain process step 1

A

Crystal violet

Primary stain is added to specimen smear

Stains cells purple or blue

41
Q

Gram stain step 2

A

Iodine

Mordant makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cell walls

Cells remain purple or blue

42
Q

Gram staining step 3

A

Alcohol

Decolorizer washes away stain from gram negative cells

Gram positive cells remain purple or blue

Gram negative cells remain colorless

43
Q

Gram staining step 4

A

Safranin

Counterstain allows dye adherence to gram negative cells

Gram positive cells remain purple or blue

Gram negative cells appear pink or red

44
Q

An ______ is able to differentiate two types of gram positive cells: those that have waxy mycolic acids in their cell walls, and those that do not.

A

Acid fast stain

45
Q

Do not absorb basic dyes; therefore, a negative staining technique (staining around the cells) is typically used for _______.

The dye stains the background but does not penetrate the capsules, which appear like halos around the borders of the cell.

A

Capsule staining

46
Q

Uses two stains to differentiate endospores from the rest of the cell. The schaffer Fulton method uses heat to push the primary stain _________ into the endospore. Washing with water decolorizes the cell but the endospore retains the green stain.

Counter stain for endospore staining ?

A

Endospore staining

Malachite green

Safranin pink

47
Q

Endospore staining techniques are important for identifying ____________ and _________, the two genera of endospore producing bacteria that contain clinically significant species.

A

Bacillus and clostridium

Anthrax and c. Diff

48
Q

The waxy acid fast cells retain the carbolfuchsin even after a Decolorizering is applied, a secondary counter stain methylene blue, is then applied, which renders non acid fast cells blue.

A

Acid fast staining

49
Q

When light passes from one medium to another, the light ray bends

A

Refraction of light

50
Q

Are tail like cellular structures used for locomotion by some bacteria, archea, and eukaryotes

A

Flagella

Microbiology (30 decks)

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