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Microbiology > chapter 18 study guide > Flashcards

chapter 18 study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity

A

specificity

memory

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2
Q

Targets specific pathogens.

Quickly responds to previously encountered pathogens.

A

Specificity:

Memory:

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2
Q

Mechanism of Specificity and Memory

A

programming of immune cells

primary and secondary

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3
Q

Enables rapid response to subsequent pathogen exposures.

A

programming of immune cells

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4
Q

Triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen or vaccine.
:
Faster and stronger due to immune memory.
Specific to the initial pathogen.

A

primary response

secondary response

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5
Q

cell types in adaptive immunity

A

b cells

t cells

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6
Q

Mature in bone marrow.
Produce glycoproteins (antibodies or immunoglobulins).
Defend against extracellular pathogens and toxins.
Mechanism: Humoral immunity (involves B cells and antibodies).

A

B cells

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7
Q

Mature in the thymus.
Act as central orchestrators of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens.
Mechanism: Cell-mediated immunity (targeting and destruction of intracellular pathogens).

A

T cells

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8
Q

Trigger activation of adaptive immune defenses.
Unique to specific pathogens (e.g., varicella-zoster virus antigens differ from other viral pathogens).
Differ from PAMPs (found on numerous pathogens)

A

antigen

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9
Q

Pathogen Structures with Antigens

A

bacteria

viral

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10
Q

Found in capsules, cell walls, fimbriae, flagella, pili, toxins, and enzymes.

A

bacteria antigens

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11
Q

Associated with capsids, envelopes, and spike structures.

A

viral antigens

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12
Q

Effectiveness as antigens depends on structural complexity

A

proteins most effective

carbohydrates less effective

nucleic acids least effective

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13
Q

Smaller exposed regions on antigen surfaces recognized by antibodies or T cells.

A

epitopes

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14
Q

Small molecules (______):
Not antigenic alone.
Become antigenic when attached to larger carrier molecules (e.g., proteins).

A

haptens

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15
Q

cause specific immune responses, including allergic reactions:
Example:
Urushiol (poison ivy oil) causes contact dermatitis.
Penicillin can trigger allergic reactions to its drug class.

A

haptens

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16
Q

Bacterial flagellum (complex protein structure) has numerous _____, each unique.

A

epitopes

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17
Q

An ____ is a macromolecule that reacts with components of the immune system

A

antigen

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18
Q

Also called immunoglobulins.
Glycoproteins found in blood and tissue fluids

A

antibodies

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19
Q

Consists of four protein chains held together by disulfide bonds:
Disulfide bond: Covalent bond between sulfhydryl R groups of two cysteine amino acids.
Two identical heavy chains (largest).
Two identical light chains (smallest).
Forms a Y-shaped structure.

A

basic structure of antibody monomer

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20
Q

Arms of the Y-shaped antibody molecule.
Serves as the site of antigen binding.

A

FAB region

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21
Q

Neutralization of pathogens.
Agglutination or aggregation of pathogens.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

A

FAB region

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22
Q

Located in the trunk of the Y.
Site of complement factor binding.
Site of binding to phagocytic cells during antibody-mediated opsonization.

A

FC region

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23
Q

The _____ determines the class (isotype) of the antibody.

A

constant region

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24
Q

five classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE.

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25
Q

Penetrates tissue spaces efficiently.
Only antibody that crosses the placental barrier, providing passive immunity to the fetus.
Most versatile in defense against pathogens.

A

IgG

26
Q

First antibody produced during primary and secondary immune responses.
Diagnostic marker for active/recent infections (pathogen-specific IgM).
Ten Fab sites enhance pathogen binding.

A

IgM

27
Q

Most abundant in mucus secretions (protects mucous membranes).
Found in breast milk, tears, and saliva.

Traps pathogens in mucus for elimination.

A

IgA

28
Q

Found on B cell surfaces as an antigen-binding receptor.
Function: Not secreted by B cells.
Trace amounts in serum result from degradation of old B cells

A

IgD

29
Q

Involved in anti-parasitic defenses.
Fc region binds to basophils and mast cells.
Fab region binds antigen epitopes, triggering release of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Central to allergic reactions and inflammation defense mechanisms.

A

IgE

30
Q

Antibodies involved: IgG, IgM, IgA.
Mechanism:
Antibodies bind to epitopes on the pathogen/toxin surface, preventing attachment to cells.

A

Neutralization

30
Q

Functions of Antibodies

A

Neutralization of pathogens.
Opsonization for phagocytosis.
Agglutination (aggregation of pathogens).
Complement activation.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Provide a link between adaptive specific immunity and innate nonspecific immunity.

31
Q

Secretory IgA: Blocks pathogens from attaching to intestinal mucosal cells.
Antibodies neutralize toxins by blocking their attachment to target cells.
Viruses are neutralized, preventing infection of cells.

A

neutralization

32
Q

Pathogens are coated with molecules (e.g., complement factors, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A) to assist phagocytosis.
IgG acts as an excellent opsonin by binding Fab sites to pathogen epitopes.
Phagocytic cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils) have Fc receptors that recognize and bind IgG Fc regions.
IgG helps phagocytes attach to and engulf pathogens.

A

opsonization

33
Q

Cross-linking of pathogens by antibodies creates large aggregates.
IgG:
Two Fab antigen-binding sites can bind two separate pathogens, clumping them together.
Large aggregates are easier for kidneys and spleen to filter from blood and easier for phagocytes to ingest.
IgM:
Pentameric structure provides ten Fab binding sites per molecule.
Most efficient antibody for ______.

A

Agglutination (Aggregation

34
Q

Three pathways, with the _____ being the most efficient.

requires:
Initial binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to the surface of a pathogen.
Recruitment and activation of the C1 complex.

A

classical pathway

35
Q

Fab region of an IgG antibody binds to a large pathogen.
Effector cells’ Fc receptors bind to the Fc region of the antibody.
Effector cells are brought into close proximity to the pathogen.
Effector cells secrete cytotoxins (e.g., perforin and granzymes) that kill the pathogen.

A

ADCC

36
Q

____ is a collection of genes coding for___ molecules on the surface of all nucleated cells.
In humans, these genes are also called human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes.
Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and do not express ___ molecules

A

MHC

37
Q

Found on all nucleated cells.
Presents:
Normal self-antigens.
Abnormal or nonself antigens (e.g., pathogens) to effector T cells for cellular immunity.

A

MHC 1

38
Q

Found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
Presents:
Abnormal or nonself antigens for the initial activation of T cells.

A

MHC 2

39
Q

Composed of:
A longer α protein chain.
A smaller β2 microglobulin protein.
Only the α chain spans the cytoplasmic membrane.
The α chain folds into three domains: α1, α2, and α3.

A

MHC 1

40
Q

Two protein chains (α and β) of similar length.
Both chains span the plasma membrane.
Each chain folds into two domains:
α1 and α2 (α chain).
β1 and β2 (β chain).

A

MHC 2

41
Q

Formed by α1 and α2 domains.

Formed by α1 and β1 domains.

A

MHC 1

MHC 2

42
Q

All nucleated cells process and present antigens with MHC molecules to signal the immune system.
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells specifically present antigens to activate T cells, making them ____.

A

antigen presenting cells APC

43
Q

Function as phagocytes.
Ingest and kill pathogens that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes.
Recognize pathogens via nonspecific receptor interactions (e.g., PAMPs, toll-like receptors, complement, or antibody receptors).

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

44
Q

Do not function as phagocytes.
Use antigen-specific immunoglobulin receptors (monomeric IgD and IgM) to interact with foreign pathogens or free antigens.
Internalize antigens through endocytosis, then process and present them to T cells.

A

B cells

45
Q

Found on all normal, healthy, nucleated cells.
Presents self-antigen epitopes (derived from cytoplasmic proteins) on the cell surface.
Self-antigens bind within the MHC I antigen-binding cleft and signal the immune system that the cell is normal.
Immune cells, like NK cells, recognize these self-antigens and do not target the cell for destruction.

A

Role of MHC I in Normal Cells:

46
Q

Intracellular pathogens (e.g., viruses) infect the cell, producing pathogen-specific proteins.
These proteins are degraded by proteasomes and processed into pathogen-specific antigens.
Pathogen-specific antigens bind with MHC I molecules and are presented on the cell surface.
This signals the immune system that the infected cell must be targeted for destruction along with the pathogen.

A

Role of MHC I in Infected Cells

47
Q

If an intracellular pathogen directly infects an APC:
Proteins are degraded in proteasomes.
Antigens are presented on the cell surface with .

A

MHC I for T cell activation

48
Q

Antigens are internalized by phagocytosis (normally for presentation with MHC II).
These antigens are instead presented on MHC I molecules for activation of CD8 T cells.

A

cross presentation

49
Q

Cross-presentation mechanisms are not fully understood but are mainly carried out by

A

dendritic cells

50
Q

Originates from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow.
Differentiates into lymphoid stem cells, then immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts)

immature T cells travel via the bloodstream to the thymus for maturation

A

T cell production

51
Q

98% of thymocytes are eliminated during thymic selection.
The remaining 2% mature and exit the thymus as

A

mature naive T cells

52
Q

T cells are divided into

A

helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells.

53
Q

Central orchestrators of immune responses.
Activate and direct humoral and cellular immunity.
Enhance pathogen-killing functions of macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells.

A

helper T cells cd 4

54
Q

Prevent undesirable or damaging immune responses.
Role in peripheral tolerance to protect against autoimmune diseases.

A

regulatory T cells cd 4

55
Q

Effector cells for cellular immunity.
Recognize and destroy cells infected by intracellular pathogens.
Kill infected cells along with pathogens inside.

A

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+):

56
Q

____ are crucial in the activation process for helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, involving interactions with molecules and cytokines.
_____are responsible for pathogen epitope recognition during activation

A

TCRs

57
Q

Activation of Helper T Cells

A

TCR Recognition
CD4 Interaction
Cytokine Secretion

58
Q
A
59
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A
60
Q
A
61
Q
A

Microbiology (22 decks)

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