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Microbiology > Chapter 17 study guide > Flashcards

Chapter 17 study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

can be characterized as a multifaceted system of defenses that targets invading
pathogens in a nonspecific manner

A

Nonspecific innate immunity

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2
Q

nonspecific innate immunity

A

physical defenses

chemical defenses

cellular defenses

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3
Q

physical barriers

A

Physical defenses
Mechanical defenses
Microbiome

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4
Q

chemical defenses

A

chemicals and enzymes in body fluids
antimicrobial peptides
plasma protein mediators
cytokines
inflammation eliciting mediators

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5
Q

cellular defenses

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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6
Q

the endothelial cells that line blood vessels have very tight ______ junctions, blocking microbes from gaining access to the bloodstream.

A

cell to cell junctions

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7
Q

_______ rivet two adjacent
cells together, preventing or limiting material exchange through the spaces between them.

A

tight junctions

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8
Q

_____ have intermediate fibers that act
like shoelaces, tying two cells together, allowing small materials to pass through the resulting spaces.

A

desmosomes

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9
Q

____ are channels between
two cells that permit their communication via signals.

A

gap junctions

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10
Q

One of the body’s most important physical barriers is the skin barrier, which is composed of three layers of closely
packed cells.

A

epidermis - thin upper layer

dermis - hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves and blood vessels

hypodermis- fatty layer contains blood and lymph

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11
Q
  • How does our skin act as a physical barrier against infection?
A

The skin’s surface is made of keratin-filled, dead cells, forming a tough, dense barrier.

Fatty acids on the skin create a dry, salty, and acidic environment that inhibits microbial growth.

Dead skin cells are shed regularly, removing attached microbes.

New cells replace shed skin, maintaining an ongoing protective barrier.

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12
Q

The ______ lining the nose, mouth, lungs, and urinary and digestive tracts provide another nonspecific
barrier against potential pathogens.

A

mucous membranes

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13
Q

How does mucus act as a physical barrier against infection?

A

Mucus traps debris, particulate matter, and microbes, protecting fragile cell layers beneath it. It also contains antimicrobial peptides.

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14
Q

What kinds of cells produce mucus?

A

epithelial and goblet cells

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15
Q

Where are mucous membranes found?

A

nose, mouth, lungs, urinary tract, and digestive tract.

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16
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator and how does it protect against infection?

A

mucociliary escalator

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17
Q

The _____ is the movement of cilia in the respiratory tract that propels mucus (with trapped debris and microbes) out of the lungs, either by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing.

A

mucociliary escalator

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18
Q

What common activity damages cilia, increasing the risk of respiratory infections?

A

smoking

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19
Q

moves mucus and trapped microbes through the digestive tract and out of the body in feces.

A

Peristalsis

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20
Q
  • List some common mechanical defenses against infection.
A

Shedding of skin cells
Expulsion of mucus via the mucociliary escalator
Excretion of feces through intestinal peristalsis
Flushing action of urine
Flushing action of tears
Blinking to wash debris away from the eyes
Eyelashes and eyelids preventing dust and microorganisms from reaching the eye

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21
Q

Our _____ protects against infection by occupying cellular binding sites and competing for nutrients with pathogens

A

microbiome

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22
Q

is an endogenous mediator, providing an additional layer of defense by helping seal off the pore of the hair follicle,
preventing bacteria on the skin’s surface from invading sweat glands and surrounding tissue

A

sebum

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23
Q

In the oral cavity, saliva contains mediators such as lactoperoxidase enzymes, and mucus secreted by the esophagus contains
the antibacterial enzyme ____.

A

lysozyme

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24
Q

In the stomach, highly acidic ____kills most microbes. In the lower
digestive tract, the intestines have pancreatic and intestinal enzymes, antibacterial peptides (cryptins), bile
produced from the liver, and specialized Paneth cells that produce lysozyme.

A

gastric fluids

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25
Q

In the urinary tract, urine flushes microbes out of the body during ______. Furthermore, the slight acidity of urine
(the average pH is about 6) inhibits the growth of many microbes and potential pathogens in the urinary tract.

A

urination

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26
Q

The female reproductive system employs ____, an exogenously produced chemical mediator, to inhibit microbial
growth.

A

lactate

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27
Q

Lactobacilli in the area ferment glycogen to produce ______, lowering the pH in the vagina and inhibiting
transient microbiota, opportunistic pathogens like Candida (a yeast associated with vaginal infections), and other
pathogens responsible for sexually transmitted diseases.

A

lactate

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28
Q

In the ears, _____ exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids, which lower the
pH to between 3 and 5.

A

ear wax

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29
Q

______ cleaves the bond between NAG and NAM in
peptidoglycan, a component of the cell wall in bacteria. It is more effective against gram-positive bacteria, which
lack the protective outer membrane associated with gram-negative bacteria. _____ inhibits microbial growth by
chemically binding and sequestering iron.

A

lysozyme

lactoferrin

30
Q

The _______ are a special class of nonspecific cell-derived mediators with broad-spectrum
antimicrobial properties.

A

antimicrobial peptide

31
Q

Where do AMPs come from?

A

AMPs are produced by the body, with some being produced routinely and others in greater quantities in response to the presence of an invading pathogen. They can be produced by epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and certain members of the resident microbiota.

32
Q

How do AMPs protect against infection?

A

damaging microbial membranes, destroying DNA and RNA, or interfering with cell-wall synthesis.

33
Q

The ______ is a group of more than 30 plasma proteins that play a role in innate nonspecific immunity and also link innate and adaptive immunity. These proteins circulate in an inactive form and become activated in response to microorganisms, helping to target and destroy pathogens.

A

complement system

34
Q

is the process by which the precursor complement proteins become functional. This is a cascade reaction that can be triggered by three different pathways: the alternative, classical, and lectin pathways

A

complement activation

35
Q

A _____ is formed when activated complement proteins, such as C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9, assemble on the surface of a target cell. This complex creates pores in the cell membrane, leading to cell lysis (destruction) by allowing the influx of water and ions, causing the cell to burst.

A

membrane attack complex MAC

36
Q

The complement system provides four key protective outcomes:

A

Opsonization
Inflammation
Chemotaxis
Cytolysis

37
Q

The process of coating pathogens with _____, making it easier for phagocytes to recognize, engulf, and destroy them.

Complement proteins: C1q, C3b, C4b

A

opsonin

38
Q

C3a and C5a are proinflammatory peptides with potent functions:
Activate mast cells, causing degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators.
Lead to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
C5a is a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils and other white blood cells.

A

Anaphylatoxins:

39
Q

creates pores in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria, causing cell lysis by allowing ions and water to flow in and out of the cell.

does not affect gram-positive bacteria

C6, C7, C8, and C9

A

MAC

40
Q

What are the 3 major groups of cytokines?

A

Interleukins
Chemokines
Interferons

41
Q

Modulate nearly every function of the immune system.
Produced by and stimulate a variety of cells, not just immune cells.

A

interleukins

42
Q

Act as chemotactic factors that specifically recruit leukocytes to sites of infection, tissue damage, and inflammation.

A

Chemokines:

43
Q

Type I (α, β): Produced by virus-infected cells to inhibit viral replication, stop mRNA production, and stimulate immune cells to attack infected cells.
Type II (γ): Activates immune cells to enhance the immune response, especially in viral infections.

A

interferons

44
Q

Released by mast cells and basophils in response to cytokines.
Mediates proinflammatory events like bronchoconstriction (tightening of airways) and smooth muscle contraction.

A

histamine

45
Q

Produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid in leukocytes and tissue cells.
More potent and longer-lasting than histamine, contributing to proinflammatory effects, including coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea, which help expel pathogens from the body.

A

Leukotrienes:

46
Q

Contributes to edema by causing fluid and leukocytes to leak from blood vessels into tissues.
Binds to receptors on capillary walls, causing dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.

A

Bradykinin:

47
Q

inflammation eliciting mediators

A

histamine
leukotriens
bradykinin
prostaglandins

48
Q

is the process of blood cell formation, where pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow differentiate into various types of blood cells.

also, forms in the bone marrow.

A

Hematopoiesis

49
Q

The 3 major types of granulocytes:

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

50
Q

What is another name for a neutrophil?

A

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)

51
Q

List 2 ways that neutrophils protect against infection

A

Phagocytosis:

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

52
Q

Neutrophils engulf and destroy infectious bacteria using their granules containing defensins and hydrolytic enzymes.

A

phagocytosis

53
Q

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): Neutrophils release chromatin-based structures with antimicrobial proteins that trap and kill pathogens.

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs):

54
Q

protect against protozoa and helminths (parasitic infections)

A

Eosinophils

55
Q

contribute to allergic reactions.

A

Eosinophils

56
Q

Basophils release _______, which is involved in inflammatory responses.

A

histamine

57
Q

What other type of cell is closely related to basophils?

A

mast cells

58
Q

Nucleus: Multi-lobed (3-5 lobes).
Granules: Small, numerous, lilac-colored.
Each lobe is connected by a thin strand of nuclear material.

A

neutrophils

59
Q

Nucleus: Typically 2-3 lobes.
Granules: Larger, stain reddish-orange.

A

eosinophils

60
Q

Nucleus: Two-lobed.
Granules: Large, stain dark blue or purple.

A

Basophils:

61
Q

They are often associated with blood vessels and nerves or found close to
surfaces that interface with the external environment, such as the skin and mucous membranes in various regions of
the body.

leave the circulating blood and are most
frequently found residing in tissues.

very similar to basophils, containing
many of the same components in their granules (e.g., histamine) and playing a similar role in allergic responses and
other inflammatory reactions

A

mast cells

62
Q

are a type of white blood cell that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm. Unlike granulocytes, they do not have numerous granules, and they are involved in various immune responses, primarily in adaptive immunity.

A

Agranulocytes

63
Q

recognize infected or cancerous cells through a process of identifying molecular markers on the cell’s surface. They look for the presence of inhibitory signals, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers, which healthy cells express. Cancerous and virus-infected cells often have reduced MHC markers and increased activating molecules on their surfaces. This reduction in MHC markers and presence of activating signals alerts NK cells to the abnormality.

A

NK cells

64
Q

What two types of compounds do NK cells release to destroy a target cell?

A

perforin and granzymes

65
Q

______ creates pores in the target cell’s membrane, allowing _____, which are proteases, to enter the cell and trigger apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

A

perforin and granzymes

66
Q

all protect against infection through phagocytosis, engulfing pathogens and apoptotic cells. They also promote immune responses by producing and releasing cytokines.

A

Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

67
Q

Found circulating in the bloodstream. When they enter body tissues, they differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.

A

Monocytes:

68
Q

Reside in specific body tissues for extended periods, adapting to the characteristics of those tissues. They are important in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and help support neighboring cells.

A

macrophages

69
Q

Primarily found in skin and mucous membranes, which are key entry points for pathogens. They act as sentinels, monitoring these areas for invaders.

A

Dendritic Cells:

70
Q

are a diverse group of immune signaling molecules and are especially important in our defense against
viruses. (interferon-α and interferon-β) are produced and released by cells infected with virus. stimulate nearby cells to stop production of mRNA, destroy RNA already produced, and reduce
protein synthesis.

A

interferons

71
Q

Stimulate and modulate most functions of immune
system

A

Interleukins

Microbiology (22 decks)

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