chapter 17 and 18 class notes Flashcards
immunity that you are born with
immunity that you are not born with
innate
acquired
adaptive/memory immunity is
acquired immunity
innate immunity cells
neutrophils
basophils
mast cells
monocytes
eosinophils
acquired immunity cells
lymphocytes
PMNC eat bacteria/alert
neutrophils
eat bacteria/slide out of blood stream
monocyte
full of signaling/plays a role in multicellular pathogens
-allergies
eosinophils
least common/inflammation
-releases histamines
basophils
arise from hematopoiesis, specifically from the common myeloid progenitor cell.
Shares the same progenitor as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
mast cells
Contain granules with substances like histamine.
Involved in allergic responses and inflammatory reactions.
Unlike basophils:
_____ reside in tissues rather than circulating in the blood
mast cells
Found in tissues, especially:
Near blood vessels and nerves.
Close to surfaces interacting with the external environment, such as:
Skin
Mucous membranes in various body regions.
mast cells
When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter a specific body tissue, they differentiate into tissue-specific
phagocytes called
macrophages or dendritic cells
Interferons are ____ released by a cell infected with a virus. Interferon-α and interferon-β signal uninfected
neighboring cells to inhibit mRNA synthesis, destroy RNA, and reduce protein synthesis (top arrow).
cytokines
are inhibited by the presence of MHC receptors on healthy cells
NK cells
Recognize and kill cells with decreased MHC and increased activating signals to eliminate abnormal cells.
NK cells
An ___ is a macromolecule that reacts with components of the immune system.
antigen
cell surface marker; anything protein that triggers an immune response
antigen
protein from lymphocytes that can bind to a specific antigen <immunoglobulins></immunoglobulins>
antibody
antigen is the molecule that an _____ binds to
antibody
allergic response to parasites
IgE
Antibodies serve as opsonin’s and inhibit infection by tagging pathogens for destruction by macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. These phagocytic cells use Fc receptors to bind to____ pathogens and initiate the first step of attachment before
phagocytosis.
IgG-opsonized
the two types of lymphocytes are
B cells
T cells
T cells are produced in ?
B cells are produced in?
thymus
bone marrow
T cells can be categorized into three distinct classes:
helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells
direct killers of infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells
make antibodies <immunoglobulins> "IgG,IgM"</immunoglobulins>
B cells
activated B cells start secreting
Antibodies
pumping out antibodies and immunoglobulins
plasma B cells
communication molecules of the immune system
cytokines
TH2 cells produce and secrete cytokines that activate the B cell and cause
proliferation into clonal daughter cells. After several rounds of proliferation, additional cytokines provided by the
TH2 cells stimulate the differentiation of activated B cell clones into
memory B cells
Lag Period: Slow activation (days to weeks).
Antibody Production: Lower levels of IgG with weaker binding.
Duration: Short-lived plasma cells; antibody levels drop quickly.
Outcome: Creates memory B cells for future responses.
primary response
Lag Period: Rapid activation (few days).
Antibody Production: Higher levels of IgG with stronger binding.
Duration: Longer-lived plasma cells; sustained antibody levels.
Outcome: Faster, stronger, and longer-lasting immunity.
Secondary Immune Response
helper T cells are called
cytotoxic T cells are called
CD4
CD8
