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Microbiology > Study Guide Lecture 1 Exam > Flashcards

Study Guide Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

No nucleus
Prokaryotes
Single celled

Peptidoglycan cell walls

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

Examples of bacteria

A

Escherichia coli and streptococcus

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3
Q

Are prokaryotes
May or may not have cell walls

Often live in extreme environments (very salty, very hot)
Extremopiles

Are not known to cause disease in humans

A

Archaea

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4
Q

Bacteria are _____ because their genetic makeup DNA is not housed within a true nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

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5
Q

Common bacterial shapes

A

Coccus
Bacillus
Vibrio
Coccobacillus
Spirillum
Spirochete

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6
Q

Unlike most bacteria, archaeal cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, but their cell walls are often composed of a similar substance called ______?

A

Pseudo peptidoglycan

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7
Q

This domain contains all plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Has a true nucleus

A

Eukarya

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8
Q

Helminths
Fungi
Protists (algae, Protozoa)

A

Eukaryotic microbes

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9
Q

Are an informal grouping of eukaryotes, that are not plants, animals, or fungi.
All Protozoa are examples of_____?

A

Protists

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10
Q

Most are protists, they have cellulose cell walls, found in freshwater, and use photosynthesis for energy.

A

Algae

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11
Q

Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
Maybe mobile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Free living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living host)

A

Protozoa

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12
Q

Are not photosynthetic, and their cell walls are usually made of chitin rather than cellulose.

A

Fungi

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13
Q

Are unicellular

Some _____ have beneficial uses, such as causing bread to rise and beverages to ferment; can also cause food to spoil. Some can even cause diseases, such as a vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush.

A

Yeast

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14
Q

May produce toxins, cause allergies, spoil food, or even be used as sources of medicine (penicillin)

A

Molds

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15
Q

Acellular
Consist of genetic material DNA and RNA
Protein coat (capsid)
Are replicated only when they are in a living host
Inert outside living host

A

Viruses

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16
Q

Homo sapien domain and kingdom

A

Domain = eukarya

Kingdom = animalia

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17
Q

Escherichia coli domain and kingdom

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

Candida albicans

A

Domain is eukarya

Kingdom is fungi

19
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

Causes malaria

A

Kingdom is protists

Domain is eukarya

20
Q

Halobacterium salinarum

A

Domain = archea

Kingdom archea

21
Q

Schistosoma mansoni

A water born parasite and belongs to the group of flukes

A

Kingdom animalia

Domain eukarya

22
Q

Used a simple microscope to view his “wee little besties”

The father of microbiology, credited with the discovery of micro organisms

A

Antoine van leeuwenhoek

23
Q

A French chemist, showed that individual microbial stains had unique properties and demonstrated that FERMENTATION is caused by microorganisms. He also invented pasteurization, a process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoilage, and developed vaccines for the treatment of diseases, including rabies.

A

Louis Pasteur

24
Q

A German physician, was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease. For example he discovered the bacteria that caused anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.

A

Robert Koch

25
Q

Proposed a series of postulates based on the idea that the cause of a specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe.

A

Robert Koch “Koch’s postulates”

26
Q

Developed procedures for the proper care of surgical wounds and the sterilization of equipment.

Established a protocol to the cause of infectious disease

A

Lister

Koch

27
Q

Believed that microbes from the air could be a source of contamination

Used specially crafted swan necked flasks to disprove spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

28
Q

50% of surgical patients died from infection

Advocated for hand washing and sanitation

Began using phenol carbolic acid as a disinfectant

A

Joseph lister

29
Q

Monomer name : monosaccharide

Polymer name : polysaccharides

Function : provide energy and structural support

Location: found in cell walls (plants cellulose), liver/muscles (glycogen), cytoplasma (glucose)

Special properties: soluble in water can form complex structures

A

Carbohydrates

30
Q

Monomer: amino acids

Polymer : polypeptides

Function : structural support, enzymes, transport and signaling

Special properties: folding determines function primary, secondary, tertiary,

Diverse structures and functions, can denature

Reaction: dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A

Proteins

31
Q

Monomer : nucleotides (A T C G for DNA and A U C G for RNA

Polymer : DNA and RNA

Function : storage and transmit genetic information

Location : nucleus DNA (eukaryotes) and cytoplasma RNA (prokaryotes)

Special properties: double helix DNA and single strand RNA

Reaction : dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A

Nucleic acids

32
Q

Monomer: fatty acids and glycerol

Polymer : triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Function : store energy, cell membrane structure, signaling

Location : cell membranes, adipose tissues

Special properties: hydrophobic, non polar

Reaction: dehydration synthesis forms lipids

Hydrolysis breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipids

33
Q

Provides structural support and protection, surrounds the plasma membrane, helps maintain shape, composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria

A

Cell wall (prokaryotic)

34
Q

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Just inside the cell wall encases the cytoplasma. Composed of phospholipid bilayer.

Proteins are embedded within the membrane or attached to the side of the membrane

semipermeable

A

Plasma membrane (prokaryotic)

35
Q

While prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, they still have DNA, the condensed region of DNA within a prokaryotic cell is called the

A

Nucleiod (prokaryotic)

36
Q

Are small circular pieces of extrachromosomal DNA, they carry nonessential genes, they often contain genes for antibiotic resistance, adaptability to environmental stressors, toxins. Can be exchanged between bacteria, providing genetic variability within a population.

A

Plasmids (prokaryotic)

37
Q

Longer than fimbrae, less numerous.

Used for attachment and exchanging DNA

Genes can be turned on or off depending on the needs of the cell.

A

Pili

38
Q

The basic structure of a bacterial _______ consists of a basal body, hook, and filament.

Movements occur in a series of runs (swimming in one direction) and tumbles (stops)

A

Flagella

39
Q
  1. Bundled flagella (counter clockwise rotation)
  2. Flagella separated (clockwise rotation)
A
  1. Run
  2. Tumble
40
Q
  1. Are the site of protein synthesis in all cells
  2. Are found in cytoplasma

Are composed of two sub units 30s + 50s

A
  1. Ribosome
  2. Prokaryotic ribosomes
  3. Total ribosome size 70s prokaryotic
41
Q

Can form when environmental conditions are not ideal

Environmental stressors induces ______

The dna becomes encapsulated in protective coat, the surrounding vegetative cell degrades, releasing_______

A

Endospores

42
Q

The domain of life

A

Bacteria

Archea

Eukarya

43
Q

Kingdom of life

A

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protist

Eubacteria

Archea

44
Q

Solution outside of the cell moves in

Solution equalizes

Solution inside of the cell moves outside of the cell

A

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Microbiology (22 decks)

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