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Microbiology > Chapter 10 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

The 4 DNA nucleotides are

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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3
Q

One strand runs 5’ ➡️ 3’

The opposite strands runs 3’ ➡️ 5’

A

Antiparallel

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4
Q

Are discrete units of DNA that may contains thousands of individual genes

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

DNA strands are complementary

A

Thymine pairs with adenine T-A

Guanine pairs with cytosine G- C

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6
Q

Although most DNA is contained within a cells chromosomes, many cells have additional molecules of DNA outside the chromosomes, called the

A

Extrachromosomal DNA

Ex. HPV

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7
Q

An organisms set of genes for a particular trait is its

A

Genotype

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8
Q

The entire set of DNA contained within a cell is called the

A

Genome

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9
Q

In eukaryotic cells DNA is wrapped around

In prokaryotic cells DNA is wrapped around

A

Histones

Histone like proteins

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10
Q

A series of bases/nucleotides on a chromosome that codes for the order of amino acids in a specific protein

A

Gene

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11
Q

Gene sequence of protein to be made

A

mRNA

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12
Q

An organisms observable traits are its

A

Phenotype

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13
Q

Pyrimdines have a ?

Purines have a ?

A

Single ring

Double ring

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14
Q

Ribonucleotides make up RNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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15
Q

With protein, makes up the ribosome

A

rRNA

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16
Q

Refers to the process by which DNA is twisted to fit inside the cell

A

Super coiling

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17
Q

Proteins known to be involved in super coiling include __________, these enzymes help maintain structure of super coiled chromosomes, preventing overwinding of DNA during cellular processes like DNA replication

A

Topoismerase

18
Q

Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation

A

tRNA

19
Q

3 major parts of a dna nucleotide

A

Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous base

20
Q

Which part of the dna nucleotide are always the same ?

A

Phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar

21
Q

Which nucleotides are purines and pyrimidines ?

A

Purines : adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines : cytosines and thymine

22
Q

When forming a strand of DNA, which two parts of a nucleotide are involved in forming a bond ?

A

Phosphate group of one nucleotide

Deoxyribose sugar of the adjacent nucleotide

These form the bonds between the 3’ hydroxyl group of the sugar and the 5’ phosphate group

23
Q

What is the overall shape of DNA ?

A

Double helix

24
Q

How many strands make up a molecule of dna

A

2

25
Q

How do strands stay associated with each other ?

A

Stay together through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T 2 bonds, c-g with three bonds)

26
Q

Why is it important that these bonds are reversible ?

A

Allows the strands to separate during processes like DNA replication and transcription, enabling copying and reading of genetic information

27
Q

Describe the two major structural differences between DNA and RNA

A

Sugar: DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose.

Nitrogenous base: DNA uses thymine, RNA uses uracil

28
Q

Carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome, where it guides protein synthesis

A

mRNA

29
Q

Forms the core structure of ribosomes and helps catalyze the formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis

A

rRNA

30
Q

Delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNAs codon sequence during translation

A

tRNA

31
Q

How are genotype and phenotype related ?

A

The genotype provides instructions for building proteins, which influence the phenotype.

32
Q

A long, organized structure of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information. In humans, are found in the nucleus with 23 pairs in most cells

A

Chromosomes

33
Q

In eukaryotes chromosomes are

A

Linear and pairs of chromosomes

34
Q

Prokaryotes have _________ chromosome

A

1 circular chromosome

35
Q

Which of the following is not found within DNA?

A

amino acids

36
Q

If 30% of the bases within a DNA molecule are
adenine, what is the percentage of thymine?

A

30%

37
Q

Here are the true statements about base pairing in DNA:

A

Base pairing occurs at the interior of the double helix.
Base pairs are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Purines always base pair with pyrimidines.

38
Q

If a DNA strand contains the sequence 5ʹ
ATTCCGGATCGA-3ʹ, which of the following is the
sequence of the complementary strand of DNA?

A

5ʹ-TAAGGCCTAGCT-3ʹ

39
Q

During denaturation of DNA, which of the
following happens?

A

Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break.

40
Q

Which of the following types of RNA codes for a
protein?

A

mRNA

41
Q

A nucleic acid is purified from a mixture. The
molecules are relatively small, contain uracil,
and most are covalently bound to an amino acid.
Which of the following was purified?

A

tRNA

Microbiology (30 decks)

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