Chapter 10 Study Guide Flashcards
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of
Nucleotides
The 4 DNA nucleotides are
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
One strand runs 5’ ➡️ 3’
The opposite strands runs 3’ ➡️ 5’
Antiparallel
Are discrete units of DNA that may contains thousands of individual genes
Chromosomes
DNA strands are complementary
Thymine pairs with adenine T-A
Guanine pairs with cytosine G- C
Although most DNA is contained within a cells chromosomes, many cells have additional molecules of DNA outside the chromosomes, called the
Extrachromosomal DNA
Ex. HPV
An organisms set of genes for a particular trait is its
Genotype
The entire set of DNA contained within a cell is called the
Genome
In eukaryotic cells DNA is wrapped around
In prokaryotic cells DNA is wrapped around
Histones
Histone like proteins
A series of bases/nucleotides on a chromosome that codes for the order of amino acids in a specific protein
Gene
Gene sequence of protein to be made
mRNA
An organisms observable traits are its
Phenotype
Pyrimdines have a ?
Purines have a ?
Single ring
Double ring
Ribonucleotides make up RNA
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
With protein, makes up the ribosome
rRNA
Refers to the process by which DNA is twisted to fit inside the cell
Super coiling
Proteins known to be involved in super coiling include __________, these enzymes help maintain structure of super coiled chromosomes, preventing overwinding of DNA during cellular processes like DNA replication
Topoismerase
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation
tRNA
3 major parts of a dna nucleotide
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous base
Which part of the dna nucleotide are always the same ?
Phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar
Which nucleotides are purines and pyrimidines ?
Purines : adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines : cytosines and thymine
When forming a strand of DNA, which two parts of a nucleotide are involved in forming a bond ?
Phosphate group of one nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar of the adjacent nucleotide
These form the bonds between the 3’ hydroxyl group of the sugar and the 5’ phosphate group
What is the overall shape of DNA ?
Double helix
How many strands make up a molecule of dna
2
How do strands stay associated with each other ?
Stay together through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T 2 bonds, c-g with three bonds)
Why is it important that these bonds are reversible ?
Allows the strands to separate during processes like DNA replication and transcription, enabling copying and reading of genetic information
Describe the two major structural differences between DNA and RNA
Sugar: DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose.
Nitrogenous base: DNA uses thymine, RNA uses uracil
Carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome, where it guides protein synthesis
mRNA
Forms the core structure of ribosomes and helps catalyze the formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis
rRNA
Delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNAs codon sequence during translation
tRNA
How are genotype and phenotype related ?
The genotype provides instructions for building proteins, which influence the phenotype.
A long, organized structure of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information. In humans, are found in the nucleus with 23 pairs in most cells
Chromosomes
In eukaryotes chromosomes are
Linear and pairs of chromosomes
Prokaryotes have _________ chromosome
1 circular chromosome
Which of the following is not found within DNA?
amino acids
If 30% of the bases within a DNA molecule are
adenine, what is the percentage of thymine?
30%
Here are the true statements about base pairing in DNA:
Base pairing occurs at the interior of the double helix.
Base pairs are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Purines always base pair with pyrimidines.
If a DNA strand contains the sequence 5ʹ
ATTCCGGATCGA-3ʹ, which of the following is the
sequence of the complementary strand of DNA?
5ʹ-TAAGGCCTAGCT-3ʹ
During denaturation of DNA, which of the
following happens?
Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break.
Which of the following types of RNA codes for a
protein?
mRNA
A nucleic acid is purified from a mixture. The
molecules are relatively small, contain uracil,
and most are covalently bound to an amino acid.
Which of the following was purified?
tRNA
