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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All living things are composed of one or more cells

A

Modern cell theory

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2
Q

Cells come from other cells

A

Biogenesis

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3
Q

Provides an explanation for how eukaryotic cells could have arisen from prokaryotic cells

Chloroplasts and mitochondria could be descended from prokaryotes that were engulfed by other cells

A

Endosymbiotic theory

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4
Q

While prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, they still have _____?

A

DNA

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5
Q

The condensed region of DNA within a prokaryotic cell is called the ______?

A

Nucleiod

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6
Q

Are small circular pieces of extra chromosomal DNA

Carry non essential genes

Often contain genes for antibiotic resistance, adaptability to environmental stressors, toxins

Can be exchanged between bacteria, providing genetic variability within a population

A

Plasmids

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7
Q

Site of protein synthesis

Are composed of two sub units

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Prokaryotic subunits

Total size

A

Ribosomes

30s + 50s

Total ribosome size 70s

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9
Q

Members of the genera _______ and ______ are endospore formers

Both of these genera include important human pathogens

A

Bacillus and clostridium

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10
Q

Sporulation

A
  1. DNA replicates
  2. Membranes form around the DNA
  3. Fore-spore forms additional membranes
  4. Protective cortex forms around the spore
  5. Protein coat forms around the cortex
  6. Endospore is released
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11
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

Semipermeable membrane

A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q

Down a concentration gradient

A

Simple diffusion

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13
Q

Allows solutes to cross the membrane down a concentration gradient

From high to low

A protein channel forms a doorway for the molecule

No energy required

A

Facilitated diffusion

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14
Q

Movement is against the concentration gradient from low to high

Energy is required ATP

A

Active transport

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15
Q

Most bacteria have cell walls made of ______?

Chains of disaccharides

Cross linked by peptide bridges

Along with the cytoskeleton, determines the cells shape.

Provides resistance to lysis

A

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Some genera of bacteria have waxy cell walls containing

A

Mycolic acids

Mycobacterium (tuberculosis)

Nocardia (n. Asteroids)

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17
Q

The cell walls makes the cells resistant to staining

A

Acid fast cell walls

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18
Q

Some bacteria produces an outer coating of polysaccharide or protein called a

A

Gycocalyx

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19
Q

Capsules can contribute to ________ by: promoting adherence to tissues, and preventing phagocytosis by white blood cells

A

Pathogenicity

20
Q

Short bristle like

Cover the entire cell surface

Aid in attachment

A

Fimbriae

21
Q

Longer than fimbriae, less numerous

Used for attachment, exchanging DNA

These genes can be turned on or off depending on the needs of the cell

A

Pili

22
Q

Flagellar movement occurs in a series of _______ and _______

A

Runs and tumbles

23
Q

Clockwise rotation of flagella

A

Tumbling

24
Q

Counter clockwise rotation of flagella

A

Running

25
Q

Bacteria can move towards or away from a chemical stimulant such a sugar

A

Chemotaxis

26
Q

Bacteria can move toward light

A

Phototaxis

27
Q

May be unicellular or multicellular

A

Eukaryotes

28
Q

A double membrane within the cell contains

A

DNA

Nucleoplasma

29
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain a _______

Eukaryotic chromosomes are _______

A

Nucleus

Linear

30
Q

The DNA is wrapped around proteins called

A

Histones

31
Q

The ________ is found within the nucleus

Site of rna synthesis and ribosome pre assembly

A

Nucleolus

32
Q

Made up of 2 subunits 40s and 60s

Total size 80s

Site of protein synthesis

Membrane bound ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

33
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have _____ ribosomes similar to prokaryotes

A

70s

34
Q

A series of flattened membranes sacs near the plasma membrane

Modifies proteins and lipids

Modified molecules are then inserted into the plasma membrane or secreted outside of the cell via Exocytosis

A

Golgi apparatus

35
Q

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

36
Q

A series of micro filaments, intermediate filaments, and micro tubules

Provides internal support

Involved in intracellular transport

A

Cytoskeleton

37
Q

Site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells

A double membrane surrounding a thick fluid matrix

Inner membrane has folds called cristae

A

Mitochondria

38
Q

The plasma membrane invaginates to bring material into the cell

A

Endocytosis

39
Q

Produce hydrogen peroxide, catalase, and involved in lipid biosynthesis

A

Peroxisomes

40
Q

Similar to the plasma membrane of prokaryotes, contains sterols, cholesterol, ergosterol, affect membrane fluidity

A

Plasma membrane (eukaryote)

41
Q

Has ribosomes on its surface and packages proteins for transport in the cell

A

Rough ER

42
Q

Lacks ribosomes on its surface; pinches off bubbles of membrane for growth and repair proteins for secretion

A

Smooth ER

43
Q

Long membrane extensions that move substances along the surface

A

Cilia

44
Q

Are shorter than flagella and cover the surface of the cell

Beat in a wave like fashion

A

Cilia

45
Q

Similar to prokaryotic flagella are long and thin

Microtubule arrangement allow for bending

A

Flagella (eukaryotic)

Microbiology (22 decks)

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