Chapter 7 Study Guide Flashcards
An ______ is an organic molecule in which a hydrogen atom, a carboxYl group (-cooh) and an amino group (-NH2) are all bonded to the same carbon atom, the so called 🧬 carbon
Amino acid
A molecule presenting a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic moiety is said to be _____. The _____ nature of phospholipids enables them to form uniquely functional structures in aqueous environments
Amphipathic
Organic molecules in organisms are generally larger and more complex than inorganic molecules. Their carbon skeletons are held together by covalent bonds. They form the cells of an organism and perform the chemical reactions that facilitate life. All of these molecules, called ________ because they are part of living matter, contain carbon, which is the building block of life.
Biomolecules
This view represents these molecules simply as hydrated carbon atom chains in which water molecules attach to each carbon atom, leading to the term
Carbohydrates
Consists of a linear chain of glucose molecules and is a common structural component of cell walls in plants and other organisms
Cellulose
When a protein loses its three dimensional shape, it may no longer be functional. These unfolded proteins are ______.
Implies the loss of the secondary structure and tertiary structure without the loss of the primary structure
Denature
Grain sugar maltose, made of two glucose molecules; the Milk sugar lactose, made of galactose and a glucose molecule; and the table sugar sucrose, made of a glucose and a fructose molecule
Disaccharides
- Have a straight, flexible carbon backbone
- Whereas _____ have kinks in their carbon skeleton
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms are called
Isomers
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose are all examples of ?
Isomers
A_______ is small, single molecule that can chemically bind to other monomers to form a larger ________.
________ are the basic building blocks of _______, such as amino acids or glucose
Monomers and polymers
A_____ is a type of lipid molecule that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
Phospholipid
Complex ringed structures that are found in cell membranes; some function as hormones. The most common types of _____ are sterols.
Steroids
The most common sterol found in animal tissues is ______. It’s structure consists of four rings with a double bind in one of the rings, and a hydroxyl group at the sterol defining position
Cholesterol
Are essential but needed in much small amounts
Trace elements
Examples of trace elements
Sodium
Potassium
Iron
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
They contain carbon but are considered inorganic because they do not contain hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
The most chemical abundant biomolecule and how many chemical bonds can an atom of this element form ?
Carbon and it forms 4 chemical bonds
Energy storage, receptors, food, structural role in plants, fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of insects
Carbohydrates
Energy storage, membrane structure, insulation, hormones, pigments
Lipids
Storage and transfer of genetic information
Nucleic acid
Enzymes, structure, receptors, transport, structural role in the cytoskeleton of a cell and the extra cellular matrix
Proteins
4 macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Glucose has __ carbon atoms
6
Bond that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide
Glycosidic bond
Cell walls in plants
Primary storage molecule in animals and bacteria
Plants primary storage energy
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
3 polysaccharides
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
Is formed when three fatty acids are chemically linked to a glycerol molecule
Energy storage that can provide double the caloric content of both carbohydrates and proteins
Triglycerides
The function of ______ is to strengthen cell membranes in eukaryotes and in bacteria without cell walls, such as mycoplasma
Cholesterol
Prokaryotes do not produce cholesterol, although bacteria produce similar compounds called ________
Fungi and some Protozoa produce a similar compound called
Hopanoids
Ergosterol
Theses are types of sterols
Are synthesized from up to approximately 50 amino acids
Polypeptides
When the number of amino acids linked together becomes very large, or when multiple polypeptides are used as building subunits, the macromolecules that result are called
Proteins
