Chapter Assignment Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards
Domain : bacteria
Gram status : gram positive
Prokaryote
Anthrax
Found in : soil, livestock
ROE: inhalation, ingestion, cutaneous contact
Treatment : antibiotics (ciproflaxin, doxycycline)
Special procedures: produces spores that can survive harsh conditions; makes a deadly toxin
Bacillus Anthracis
Domain: bacteria
Gram status: gram negative
Prokaryotes
Diseases : cholera
Found in : contaminated food and water
ROE: ingestion (oral fecal route)
Treatment: rehydration, antibiotics in severe cases (azithromycin)
Special procedures: produces cholera toxin, causing massive fluid loss (diarrhea)
Vibrio Cholerae
Domain : bacteria
Gram status : gram positive
Prokaryotes
Diseases : tuberculosis
Found in : human lungs
ROE: inhalation of droplets
Treatment: long term antibiotics (isoniazid, rifampicin)
Special treatment: thick waxy cell wall, making it resistant to many antibiotics.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Domain: bacteria
Gram status: gram negative
Prokaryote
Diseases : UTI, gastroenteritis, sepsis,
Found in: human gut, contaminated food, water
ROE: ingestion, urinary tract entry
Treatment: supportive care, antibiotics in severe cases.
Special properties: some strains produce shiga toxin
Escherichia coli
Domain: bacteria
Gram status : gram negative
Prokaryote
Disease : syphillis
Found in: humans
ROE: sexual contact
Treatment : penicillin
Special properties : spiraled shape
Treponema pallidum
Domain: bacteria
Gram status: gram positive
Prokaryote
Diseases : skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis, toxic shock syndrome
Found in: skin, nasal passages
ROE: direct contact, broken skin
Treatment: antibiotics
Special properties : can form bio films; some strains produce toxins.
Staphylococcus aureus
Domain: bacteria
Gram status: gram positive
Prokaryote
Diseases: colitis, severe diarrhea
Found in: soil, hospital environments, human intestines (after antibiotic use)
ROE: oral fecal route
Treatment: vancomycin, fecal transplants
Special properties: spore forming, releases toxins that damage intestinal lining
Clostridium difficile
Domain: bacteria
Gram status: gram negative
Prokaryote
Diseases : gonorrhea
Found in: humans sexually transmitted
ROE: sexual contact
Treatment: antibiotics ( cephalosporins)
Special properties: has pili for attachment to mucosal surfaces, evades immune system
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Domain: bacteria
Gram status : gram negative
Prokaryote
Diseases: gastroenteritis, typhoid fever
Found in: contaminated food (poultry eggs, water)
ROE: ingestion
Treatment : supportive care, antibiotics for severe cases
Special properties: can invade intestinal cells and survive in macrophages.
Salmonella enterica
Domain: bacteria
Gram status : gram negative
Prokaryote
Diseases: opportunistic infections ( pneumonia, UTIs, sepsis)
Found in: water, soil, health care settings
ROE: broken skin, inhalation, medical devices
Treatment : antibiotics,
Special properties: forms biofilms, highly resistant to antibiotics
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Domain : eukarya
Gram status : protozoan
Eukaryote
Diseases: giardiasis (diarrhea, stomach cramps)
Found in: contaminated waters
ROE: ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food
Treatment : metronidazole or tinidazole
Special properties: exists as both a cyst and a trophozoite causes malabsorption in the intestine
Giardia lamblia
Domain: eukarya
Gram status: amoeba
Eukaryotes
Diseases: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (Pam)
Found in: warm freshwater
ROE: nasal passage
Treatment: amphotericin B, miltefosine (usually fatal with treatment)
Special properties: known as a brain eating amoeba it rapidly destroys brain tissue.
Naegleria fowleri
Domain: eukarya
Gram status : slime mold
Eukaryotes
Diseases : non pathogenic to humans
Found in: soil, decaying matter
ROE: non pathogenic
Treatment : n/a
Special properties: model organism in cell biology, exhibits both unicellular and multicellular life stages .
Dictyostelium discoideum
Domain: eukarya
Gram status : protozoan
Eukaryotes
Diseases : toxoplasmosis
Found in : cats
ROE: ingestion of cysts from undercooked meat or cat feces, trasnplacental trasnmission
Treatment : pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine
Special properties: can form tissue cysts in brain and muscle, capable of altering host behavior
Toxoplasma gondii
Domain: eukarya
Gram status : Protozoan
Eukaryotes
Diseases : trichomoniasis (std)
Found in: human genital tract
ROE: human sexual contact
Treatment: metronidazole or tinidazole
Special properties: flagellated protozoan; can survive in the human urogential tract without causing symptoms
Trichomonas vaginalis
Domain: eukarya
Gram status: protozoan
Eukaryotes
Diseases : African sleeping sickness
Found in: tsetse flies sub Saharan Africa
ROE: tsetse fly bite
Treatment : Suramin or pentamidine for early stages; melarsoprol for late stages
Special properties : changes surface glycoproteins to evade immune detection; crosses the blood brain barrier
Trypanosoma brucei
Domain: eukarya
Gram status : protozoan
Eukaryotes
Diseases : malaria
Found in : mosquitoes
Roe: mosquito bite
Treatment: artemisinin based combination therapies, chloroquine in sensitive regions
Special properties: causes cyclic fever; invades red blood cells, leading to their destruction
Plasmodium falciparum
Domain: eukarya
Gram status : Helminths tapeworm
Eukaryotes
Diseases : taeniasis (intestinal infection)
Found in : cattle, undercooked beef
ROE: ingestion of larvae in undercooked beef
Treatment: praziquantel or niclosamide
Special properties: grows to several meters long; attaches to the intestinal wall with a scolex
Taenia Saginata
Domain: eukarya
Gram status : fungus
Eukaryotes
Diseases : candidas (oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, systemic candidas )
Found in: human mucosal surfaces (mouth, genitals, hospitals (opportunistic)
ROE : endogenous, entry via medical devices, (catheters)
Treatment : anti fungals (fluconazole, amphotecerin b for systemic infections)
Special properties: forms biofilms, can switch between yeast and hyphal forms
Candida albicans
Domain: eukarya
Gram status : Dinoflagellates
Eukaryotes
Diseases paralytic shellfish poisoning
Found in: coastal marine environments
ROE: ingestion of contaminated shellfish
Treatment : supportive care
Special properties: produces saxitoxin, a neurotoxin that causes paralysis
Alexandrium monilatum
