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Microbiology > Chapter 13 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Involves applying chemicals to living tissue to reduce microbes

Ex. Hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol

A

Antisepsis

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2
Q

Uses physical or chemical means to reduce the number of microbes on an inanimate surface

Ex. Bleach, vinegar, heat

A

Disinfection

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3
Q

Refers to practices and procedures that prevent contamination, maintain a sterile environment, reduce risk of infection during medical and surgical procedures.

A

Asepsis

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4
Q

Rely on moist heat sterilization, they are used to raise temperatures above the boiling point of water to sterilize items such as surgical equipment from vegetative cells, viruses, and especially endospores.

A

Autoclave

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5
Q

Kills bacteria

Kills viruses

Kill fungi

A

Bactericide

Viricide

Fungicide

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6
Q

Treatments inhibit the growth of bacteria

Treatments inhibit the growth of fungi

A

Bacteriostatic

Fungistatic

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7
Q

Agents prevent further growth but do not kill the microbe

A

Microbiostatic

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8
Q

Cationic molecules that disrupt cell membranes

Example: chlorhexidine

Effective against: gram positive, gram negative, yeast, enveloped viruses

Often used as a surgical scrub and mouthwash

Not effective against naked viruses, endospores, pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Bisbiquanides

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9
Q

A sterilization method that involves steam and pressure
Temps above boiling point
Standard conditions : 121c at 15 psi

Routine testing must be done to ensure proper testing

A

Autoclaving

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10
Q

Categories of cleanliness

A

Critical
Semi critical
Non critical

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11
Q

Risk of introducing microbes directly into the body

Ex: surgical instruments, catheters, IV fluids

A

Critical

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12
Q

Contact with mucus membranes or broken skin

Ex: endospores, respiratory therapy equipment

A

Semi critical

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13
Q

Contact skin but do not penetrate

Ex: linens, stethoscopes, crutches

A

Non critical

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14
Q

Hand washing is an example of

Physical removal of microbes

A

Degerming

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15
Q

Involves removing sufficient microbes to reduce the risk of disease transmission

Commercial dishwashers
Cleaning protocols in healthcare facilities

A

Sanitization

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16
Q

Dehydration slows cellular metabolism, used to preserve foods (dried fruits, jerky) some microbes and endospores will remain

A

Desiccation

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17
Q

Items are flash frozen under a vacuum to remove moisture

Items can be stored at room temperature

Used both for foods and to preserve microbial cultures

A

Lyophilization

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18
Q

Is an inanimate object or surface that can carry and transfer infectious microorganisms, such as door knobs, towels, or medical equipment.

A

Fomite

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19
Q

A method of disinfecting liquids (not sterilizing) using heat

High temperatures short time (HTST)

72c for 15 seconds

Ultra high temperatures (UHT)

138c for > 2 seconds

A

Pasteurization

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20
Q

Was first used by Joseph lister as a surgical disinfectant

Contains a phenol group as part of their structure

Works by denaturing proteins and disrupting membranes

A

Phenolic

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21
Q

Lysol

Phisohex

Triclosan

A

Examples of phenolics

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22
Q

Effectively kill all microbes and viruses, and with appropriate exposure time, can also kill endospores

A

Sterilants

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23
Q

A ______ environment is completely free from all living microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.

A

Sterile

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24
Q

Common methods of sterilization

A

Autoclaving
Dry heat
Chemical sterilization

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25
Q

The complete removal or killing of all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from the targeted item or enviorment

A

Sterilization

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26
Q

Why is maintaining good aseptic technique critical ?

A

Prevents contamination of sterile surfaces

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27
Q

Medical procedures that carry risk of contamination must be performed in a ______, a designated area that is kept free of all vegetative microbes, endospores, and viruses

A

Sterile field

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28
Q

______ reduces or eliminates most harmful microorganisms on surface or objects but does necessarily eliminate all spores whereas ______ destroys all microorganisms, including spores

A

Disinfection

Sterilization

29
Q

Common methods of disinfection

A

Chemical disinfectants

Ultraviolet light

Boiling water

Anti microbial wipes

30
Q

How does antisepsis differ from disinfection?

A

Antisepsis is used on living tissue

Disinfection is used on inanimate objects

31
Q

Lowers surface tension of water

Found in soaps and detergents

A

Surfactants

32
Q

What is difference between a method that is microbial and one that is microbiostatic ?

A

Microbial kills microorganisms outright, eliminating them from the environment

Microbiostatic methods inhibit the growth or reproduction of microorganisms

33
Q

The microbial death curve within a population occurs at a

A

Constant rate

34
Q

Amount of time to reduce the population by 90%

A

Decimal reduction time DRT

35
Q

What are some physical methods of microbial control

A

Heat
Radiation
Pressure
Filtration
Desiccation

36
Q

What considerations affect the choice of method ?

A

Degree of effectiveness
Availability
Cost
Time
Practicality

37
Q

What is the difference between moist and dry heat ?

A

Moist heat involves water

Dry heat does not involve water

38
Q
  1. Examples of dry heat
  2. Examples of moist heat
A
  1. Boiling and autoclaves
  2. Incinerators
    Dry ovens
    Fire
39
Q

Which method is more effective, dry heat or moist heat ?

A

Moist heat because it penetrates cells better than dry heat

40
Q

What does an autoclave use to achieve sterilization

A

Uses moist heat and under high pressure

41
Q

Is refrigeration and freezing usually microbial or Microbiostatic

A

Microbiostatic, they inhibit growth and reproduction of microorganisms rather than killing them

42
Q

Are Pasteurized fluids sterile

A

No

43
Q

What will likely happen when the item is no longer being refrigerated in terms of microbial count?

A

The microbes will start increasing

44
Q

In this form of therapy, a patient breathes pure oxygen at a pressure higher than normal atmospheric pressure, typically between 1 and 3 atmospheres

A

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

45
Q

Helps increase oxygen saturation in tissues that become hypoxic due to infection and inflammation

A

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

46
Q

How does desiccation inhibit microbial growth

A

By drying out

47
Q

What can lyophilization be used for ?

A

Freeze drying

48
Q

How does high salt or sugar in a food limit growth of microbes ?

A

Creates a hypertonic environment drawing water out of microbial cells

49
Q

How is radiation able to achieve sterilization

A

By damaging DNA and RNA

50
Q

Uses x rays, gamma, or electron beams
Can penetrate plastic & paper
Sterilizes by causing irreparable damage to dna
Can be used on heat sensitive materials as well as foods

A

Ionizing radiation

51
Q

Ultraviolet light
Lower energy than ionizing radiation
Does not penetrate paper or plastic
Useful for disinfection

A

Non-ionizing radiation

52
Q

What type of substances can filtration be used on?

A

Useful for air and heat sensitive liquids

53
Q

Why is pore size an important consideration with filtration?

A

Microbes larger than the pores are trapped

54
Q

How do heavy metals achieve disinfection

A

Inhibit enzymes by binding to proteins and causing denaturation

55
Q

Common heavy metals

A

Mercury
Silver
Zinc
Copper

56
Q

Oxidizes cellular components
Often used as an iodophor
Betadine

A

Iodine

57
Q

Interferes with metabolism in bacteria that cause tooth decay

Also strengthens enamel

A

Fluorine

58
Q

Chlorine gas
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
Hypochlorite salts
Chloramines

A

Chlorine

59
Q

How do alcohols achieve disinfection

A

Denature proteins and disrupt membranes

60
Q

Alcohols are not effective against

A

Naked viruses

61
Q

Alcohols can be inhibited by

A

Dirt

62
Q

Emulsifies dirt and other particles which are then rinsed away

A

Soaps

63
Q

Also amphipathic
More soluble in hard water

Includes anionic detergents and quats

A

Detergents

64
Q

Similar in structure to phospholipids
Can disrupt membranes
Useful as antiseptics and disinfections

A

Quats

65
Q

Quarternary ammonia salts

A

Cationic detergents

66
Q

How do bisbiguanide achieve disinfection.

A

Cationic molecules that disrupt cell membranes

67
Q

Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde are used as chemical sterilants

A

Aldehydes

68
Q

What kind of gas can be used as a sterilant

A

Ethylene oxide

69
Q

Creates free radicals that damage DNA, most common peroxygen

A

Hydrogen peroxide

Microbiology (30 decks)

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