Chapter 8 Study Guide Flashcards
Is the collision energy required for a chemical reaction
Activation energy
Is the energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants to products
Activation energy
Enzymes LOWER the ______ by binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way to speed up the reaction
Activation energy
The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the enzymes
Active site
Is generated by oxidative phosphorylation
ATP
A location other than the active site, still manages to block substrate binding to the active site by inducing a conformational change that reduces affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
Allosteric site
Are inorganic ions such as iron (Fe2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) that help stabilize enzyme conformation and function
Example: DNA polymerase
Cofactors
NADH and ATP are also both examples of commonly used _____ that provide high energy electrons or phosphate groups, respectively, which bind to enzymes, thereby activating them.
Coenzymes
Donates electrons to the electron transport chain, helping to drive the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
Fadh2
After fermentation is finished, the final outcome is
2 atp
2 nad+
The net gain from glycolysis is
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
Produces lactic acid only
Produces lactic acid and other compounds
Homolactic
Heterolacic
Produce their own food from inorganic materials
Obtain energy by consuming organic matter
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Obtain energy from chemical reactions
Use inorganic sources like sunlight or chemical compounds for energy and co2 as a carbon source
Chemotrophs
Autotrophs
Algae is
Photoautotroph
Fungus and protozoan are both
Chemoheterotrophs
Use light for energy but organic compounds for carbon
Obtain energy from chemical reactions and use CO2 as a carbon source
Photoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
In glycolysis, is sugar being reduced or oxidized
Oxidized
What 3 carbon molecule is a product of glycolysis
Pyruvate
In glycolysis, what happens to NAD+
It is reduced to NADH
In glycolysis how many net ATP are made ?
2
What happens to pyruvic acid before moving on to the Krebs cycle
Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA
In addition to NAD+, what other electron carrier is reduced during the Krebs cycle
FAD is reduced to FADH2
How many net ATP are made during the Krebs cycle
2 ATP
What molecules produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle will bring electrons to the ETS ?
NADH and FADH2
As the electrons are passed down the ETS, what happens to the hydrogen ions released NADH and fadh2 ?
The hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, creating a proton gradient
What role does ATP synthase serve in ets
Flow of hydrogen ions
Synthesis of atp
How does ATP production from the ETS compare to glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Ets produces significantly more ATP compared to glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
During aerobic respiration, what critical role does oxygen play ?
Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the ETs
What would happen if a cell that used aerobic respiration was deprived of oxygen
Without oxygen, the ETS would stop, leading to a halt in ATP production, that would force the cell to rely on less efficient methods like fermentation
How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen as it’s final electron receptor and typically produces less atp
Is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic
Anaerobic
Which step of the cellular respiration does fermentation rely solely on
Glycolysis
What happens to the pyruvic acid that is produced during fermentation
It is converted into lactic acid or ethanol
What are the two most important types of compounds produced as result of fermentation
Lactic acid ethanol
What is lipase
An enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
What is proteases
An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids
Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to make a polypeptide, this is an example of
Anabolism
Is the frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction
Reaction rate
Is the number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second
Turnover number
Protein portion (inactive when alone)
Non protein component, may be a metallic ion (mg2+)
A coenzyme (organic cofactor)
Apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole, active enzyme form)
Apoenzyme
Cofactor
Holoenzyme
The enzyme illustrated is most active at about pH
5.0
Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate
Competitive inhibitors
Begins when when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor
Cellular respiration
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular
Oxygen
Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
Does not require oxygen
Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETS
Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Produces small amounts of atp
Fermentation
Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by
NADH
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid
Fermentation
Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and co 2
Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid; pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde and co2; NADH reduces acetalhyde to ethanol.
Alcohol fermentation
