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Microbiology > Chapter 8 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is the collision energy required for a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

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2
Q

Is the energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants to products

A

Activation energy

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3
Q

Enzymes LOWER the ______ by binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way to speed up the reaction

A

Activation energy

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4
Q

The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the enzymes

A

Active site

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5
Q

Is generated by oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP

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6
Q

A location other than the active site, still manages to block substrate binding to the active site by inducing a conformational change that reduces affinity of the enzyme for its substrate

A

Allosteric site

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7
Q

Are inorganic ions such as iron (Fe2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) that help stabilize enzyme conformation and function

Example: DNA polymerase

A

Cofactors

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8
Q

NADH and ATP are also both examples of commonly used _____ that provide high energy electrons or phosphate groups, respectively, which bind to enzymes, thereby activating them.

A

Coenzymes

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9
Q

Donates electrons to the electron transport chain, helping to drive the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

A

Fadh2

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10
Q

After fermentation is finished, the final outcome is

A

2 atp

2 nad+

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11
Q

The net gain from glycolysis is

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

2 pyruvate

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12
Q

Produces lactic acid only

Produces lactic acid and other compounds

A

Homolactic

Heterolacic

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13
Q

Produce their own food from inorganic materials

Obtain energy by consuming organic matter

A

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

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14
Q

Obtain energy from chemical reactions

Use inorganic sources like sunlight or chemical compounds for energy and co2 as a carbon source

A

Chemotrophs

Autotrophs

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15
Q

Algae is

A

Photoautotroph

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16
Q

Fungus and protozoan are both

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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17
Q

Use light for energy but organic compounds for carbon

Obtain energy from chemical reactions and use CO2 as a carbon source

A

Photoheterotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

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18
Q

In glycolysis, is sugar being reduced or oxidized

A

Oxidized

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19
Q

What 3 carbon molecule is a product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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20
Q

In glycolysis, what happens to NAD+

A

It is reduced to NADH

21
Q

In glycolysis how many net ATP are made ?

A

2

22
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid before moving on to the Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA

23
Q

In addition to NAD+, what other electron carrier is reduced during the Krebs cycle

A

FAD is reduced to FADH2

24
Q

How many net ATP are made during the Krebs cycle

A

2 ATP

25
Q

What molecules produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle will bring electrons to the ETS ?

A

NADH and FADH2

26
Q

As the electrons are passed down the ETS, what happens to the hydrogen ions released NADH and fadh2 ?

A

The hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, creating a proton gradient

27
Q

What role does ATP synthase serve in ets

A

Flow of hydrogen ions

Synthesis of atp

28
Q

How does ATP production from the ETS compare to glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

A

Ets produces significantly more ATP compared to glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

29
Q

During aerobic respiration, what critical role does oxygen play ?

A

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the ETs

30
Q

What would happen if a cell that used aerobic respiration was deprived of oxygen

A

Without oxygen, the ETS would stop, leading to a halt in ATP production, that would force the cell to rely on less efficient methods like fermentation

31
Q

How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen as it’s final electron receptor and typically produces less atp

32
Q

Is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic

A

Anaerobic

33
Q

Which step of the cellular respiration does fermentation rely solely on

A

Glycolysis

34
Q

What happens to the pyruvic acid that is produced during fermentation

A

It is converted into lactic acid or ethanol

35
Q

What are the two most important types of compounds produced as result of fermentation

A

Lactic acid ethanol

36
Q

What is lipase

A

An enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

37
Q

What is proteases

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids

38
Q

Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to make a polypeptide, this is an example of

A

Anabolism

39
Q

Is the frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction

A

Reaction rate

40
Q

Is the number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

A

Turnover number

41
Q

Protein portion (inactive when alone)

Non protein component, may be a metallic ion (mg2+)
A coenzyme (organic cofactor)

Apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole, active enzyme form)

A

Apoenzyme

Cofactor

Holoenzyme

42
Q

The enzyme illustrated is most active at about pH

A

5.0

43
Q

Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate

A

Competitive inhibitors

44
Q

Begins when when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor

A

Cellular respiration

45
Q

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular

A

Oxygen

46
Q

Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules

Does not require oxygen

Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETS

Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor

Produces small amounts of atp

A

Fermentation

47
Q

Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by

A

NADH

48
Q

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid

A

Fermentation

49
Q

Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and co 2

Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid; pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde and co2; NADH reduces acetalhyde to ethanol.

A

Alcohol fermentation

Microbiology (22 decks)

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