chapter 22 notes

Question 1

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx

Answer 1

upper respiratory

Question 2

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Answer 2

lower respiratory

Question 3

A common upper respiratory infection, streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) is caused by

it can also cause Scarlett fever

Answer 3

Streptococcus
pyogenes

Question 4

The pseudomembrane in a patient with _______presents as a leathery gray patch consisting of dead cells, pus, fibrin, red blood cells, and infectious microbes.

Answer 4

diphtheria

Question 5

is a club-shaped, gram-positive rod that belongs to the phylum Actinobacteria.

Answer 5

diptheria

Question 6

is a general term for infections of the lungs that lead to inflammation and accumulation of fluids and
white blood cells in the alveoli

Answer 6

Pneumonia

Question 7

The most common cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia is

Answer 7

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 8

Gram-negative coccobacillus.
Found in the pharynx of most healthy children.
Causes pneumonia primarily in the elderly.

Answer 8

Haemophilus Pneumonia

Question 9

Not part of normal respiratory microbiota.
Causes epidemic outbreaks, commonly in crowded settings (e.g., college campuses, military bases).

Answer 9

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

walking pneumonia

Question 10

Hospitalized patients on artificial ventilators.

Highly resistant to antibiotics.
Produces various exotoxins

Caused by contaminated equipment

infects >50% of CF patients

Answer 10

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 11

is an acid-fast, high G + C, gram-positive, nonspore-forming rod. Its cell wall is rich in waxy mycolic acids, which make the cells impervious to polar molecules.

Answer 11

tuberculosis

Question 12

Characteristic “whooping” sound during inhalation due to inflamed and restricted airways.
Symptoms are most severe in infants and children, though adults can also be infected.

Gram-negative coccobacillus.

Answer 12

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Question 13

Infection occurs via aerosols from human-made reservoirs, such as:
Air-conditioning cooling towers.
Humidifiers.
Misting systems.
Fountains.

Aerobic gram-negative bacillus.

Answer 13

Legionnaires’ Disease

Question 14

The most common groups of cold viruses include rhinoviruses,
coronaviruses, and adenoviruses.

upper respiratory tract

Answer 14

common cold

Question 15

is a common viral disease caused by an orthomyxovirus that primarily affects
the upper respiratory tract but can also extend into the lower respiratory tract.

Answer 15

influenza

Question 16

Fever: High (39 °C / 102.2 °F)
Headache: Common
Aches and pains: Severe
Fatigue: Severe
Nasal congestion: Rare
Sneezing: Rare

Answer 16

influenza

Question 17

This sequela causes swelling in the liver and brain, and may progress to neurological damage, coma, or death.

Answer 17

Reye syndrome

Question 18

Most virulent.
Causes seasonal pandemics.
Can infect various animals (e.g., pigs, horses, whales, dolphins).

Answer 18

influenza A

Question 19

Less virulent.
Associated with epidemic outbreaks.
No significant animal reservoirs.

Answer 19

influenza B

Question 20

Produces mild symptoms.
Rarely associated with epidemics.
No significant animal reservoirs.

Answer 20

influenza C

Question 21

Adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV).

Answer 21

common causes of viral pnuemonia

Question 22

common in infants; most are infected by age 2.

Answer 22

RSV

Question 23

is highly contagious via respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing).
Can also be spread via fomites (survives long on surfaces).

Answer 23

RSV

Question 24

Cause: Coronavirus (zoonotic, bats and civet cats as reservoirs).
Origin: Southern China, winter of 2002.
Spread: Rapidly spread to 37 countries.
Cases and Deaths: Over 8,000 infected, nearly 800 deaths.
Symptoms:
High fever, headache, body aches, cough.
Most patients develop pneumonia.

Answer 24

SARS

Question 25

Cause: Coronavirus (zoonotic, camels as reservoir).
First Reported: Saudi Arabia, 2013.
Cases and Deaths: Over 1,300 infected, 500 deaths (as of 2015).
Symptoms:
High fever, aches, cough, severe respiratory infection.
Can progress to pneumonia.

Answer 25

MERS

Question 26

Initial Symptoms:

High fever.
Conjunctivitis (red, inflamed eyes).
Sore throat.

Koplik’s Spots:
White spots on the inner lining of inflamed cheek tissues (oral mucosa).

Rash:
Starts on the face, spreads to extremities.
Red, raised macular rash becomes confluent (blends together).
Rash lasts for several days.

Answer 26

Measels

Question 27

is a mild viral disease causing a rash similar to measles but unrelated to it.
Caused by an enveloped RNA virus.
Transmitted through aerosols from coughing or sneezing.
Symptoms:

Rash begins on the face and spreads to extremities.
Rash is less intense, shorter-lived (2–3 days), and not associated with Koplik’s spots.
Fever is lower (101 °F [38.3 °C]).
Nearly 50% of infections are asymptomatic, but asymptomatic carriers can still spread the virus.

Answer 27

rubella

Question 28

virus is teratogenic, causing developmental defects.
High risks:
Infection before 11 weeks: high risk of stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, or birth defects.
Infection between 13–16 weeks: 35% risk.
Risk is low after 16 weeks.
Prenatal screening for rubella is commonly practiced in the U.S.

Answer 28

rubella

Question 29

is a fungal disease of the respiratory system and most commonly occurs in the Mississippi Valley of
the United States and in parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Answer 29

Histoplasmosis

Question 30

Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, a dimorphic fungus. Found in soil; spores are inhaled from disturbed soil. Chronic cutaneous disease with subcutaneous lesions on face and hands. Lesions become crusty, discolored, and lead to deforming scars.

Answer 30

Blastomycosis

Question 31

Aspergillus is a common filamentous fungus found in soils and organic debris. Nearly everyone has been exposed to
this mold, yet very few people become sick. In immunocompromised patients, however, Aspergillus may become
established and cause

Answer 31

aspergillosis.