chapter 22 notes Flashcards
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
upper respiratory
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
lower respiratory
A common upper respiratory infection, streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) is caused by
it can also cause Scarlett fever
Streptococcus
pyogenes
The pseudomembrane in a patient with _______presents as a leathery gray patch consisting of dead cells, pus, fibrin, red blood cells, and infectious microbes.
diphtheria
is a club-shaped, gram-positive rod that belongs to the phylum Actinobacteria.
diptheria
is a general term for infections of the lungs that lead to inflammation and accumulation of fluids and
white blood cells in the alveoli
Pneumonia
The most common cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia is
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-negative coccobacillus.
Found in the pharynx of most healthy children.
Causes pneumonia primarily in the elderly.
Haemophilus Pneumonia
Not part of normal respiratory microbiota.
Causes epidemic outbreaks, commonly in crowded settings (e.g., college campuses, military bases).
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
walking pneumonia
Hospitalized patients on artificial ventilators.
Highly resistant to antibiotics.
Produces various exotoxins
Caused by contaminated equipment
infects >50% of CF patients
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is an acid-fast, high G + C, gram-positive, nonspore-forming rod. Its cell wall is rich in waxy mycolic acids, which make the cells impervious to polar molecules.
tuberculosis
Characteristic “whooping” sound during inhalation due to inflamed and restricted airways.
Symptoms are most severe in infants and children, though adults can also be infected.
Gram-negative coccobacillus.
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Infection occurs via aerosols from human-made reservoirs, such as:
Air-conditioning cooling towers.
Humidifiers.
Misting systems.
Fountains.
Aerobic gram-negative bacillus.
Legionnaires’ Disease
The most common groups of cold viruses include rhinoviruses,
coronaviruses, and adenoviruses.
upper respiratory tract
common cold
is a common viral disease caused by an orthomyxovirus that primarily affects
the upper respiratory tract but can also extend into the lower respiratory tract.
influenza
Fever: High (39 °C / 102.2 °F)
Headache: Common
Aches and pains: Severe
Fatigue: Severe
Nasal congestion: Rare
Sneezing: Rare
influenza
This sequela causes swelling in the liver and brain, and may progress to neurological damage, coma, or death.
Reye syndrome
Most virulent.
Causes seasonal pandemics.
Can infect various animals (e.g., pigs, horses, whales, dolphins).
influenza A
Less virulent.
Associated with epidemic outbreaks.
No significant animal reservoirs.
influenza B
Produces mild symptoms.
Rarely associated with epidemics.
No significant animal reservoirs.
influenza C
Adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV).
common causes of viral pnuemonia
common in infants; most are infected by age 2.
RSV
is highly contagious via respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing).
Can also be spread via fomites (survives long on surfaces).
RSV
Cause: Coronavirus (zoonotic, bats and civet cats as reservoirs).
Origin: Southern China, winter of 2002.
Spread: Rapidly spread to 37 countries.
Cases and Deaths: Over 8,000 infected, nearly 800 deaths.
Symptoms:
High fever, headache, body aches, cough.
Most patients develop pneumonia.
SARS
Cause: Coronavirus (zoonotic, camels as reservoir).
First Reported: Saudi Arabia, 2013.
Cases and Deaths: Over 1,300 infected, 500 deaths (as of 2015).
Symptoms:
High fever, aches, cough, severe respiratory infection.
Can progress to pneumonia.
MERS
Initial Symptoms:
High fever.
Conjunctivitis (red, inflamed eyes).
Sore throat.
Koplik’s Spots:
White spots on the inner lining of inflamed cheek tissues (oral mucosa).
Rash:
Starts on the face, spreads to extremities.
Red, raised macular rash becomes confluent (blends together).
Rash lasts for several days.
Measels
is a mild viral disease causing a rash similar to measles but unrelated to it.
Caused by an enveloped RNA virus.
Transmitted through aerosols from coughing or sneezing.
Symptoms:
Rash begins on the face and spreads to extremities.
Rash is less intense, shorter-lived (2–3 days), and not associated with Koplik’s spots.
Fever is lower (101 °F [38.3 °C]).
Nearly 50% of infections are asymptomatic, but asymptomatic carriers can still spread the virus.
rubella
virus is teratogenic, causing developmental defects.
High risks:
Infection before 11 weeks: high risk of stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, or birth defects.
Infection between 13–16 weeks: 35% risk.
Risk is low after 16 weeks.
Prenatal screening for rubella is commonly practiced in the U.S.
rubella
is a fungal disease of the respiratory system and most commonly occurs in the Mississippi Valley of
the United States and in parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Histoplasmosis
Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, a dimorphic fungus. Found in soil; spores are inhaled from disturbed soil. Chronic cutaneous disease with subcutaneous lesions on face and hands. Lesions become crusty, discolored, and lead to deforming scars.
Blastomycosis
Aspergillus is a common filamentous fungus found in soils and organic debris. Nearly everyone has been exposed to
this mold, yet very few people become sick. In immunocompromised patients, however, Aspergillus may become
established and cause
aspergillosis.
