Chapter 7 Flashcards
Is the chemistry of life
Biochemistry
The most abundant element in cells is hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. We call these elements _______, and they account for 99% of the dry weight of cells.
Macronutrients
Some elements, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, molybdenum, copper, cobalt, manganese, or vanadium, are required by some cells in very small amounts and are called_________.
Micronutrients
The four most abundant elements in living matter (_________) have low atomic numbers and are thus light elements capable of forming strong blonds with other atoms to produce molecules.
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
The simplest hydrocarbon
The simplest organic compound is __________, in which carbons only bind to hydrogen.
Methane
With just these four elements, complex macromolecules can be formed
Carbon 4 bonds
Nitrogen 3 bonds
Oxygen 2 bonds
Hydrogen 1 bond
Bio molecules contain many carbon atoms bonded together to form a
Carbon skeleton
The _______ gives the molecule a unique shape
Carbon skeleton
A _______ illustrates how atoms in a molecule are linked together
Single bond
Double bond
Triple bond
Structural formula
Living organisms contain _______ and ______
Inorganic compounds and organic molecules
Organic molecules contain ________; inorganic compounds do not.
Carbon
Carbon oxides and carbonates are exceptions; they contain carbon but are considered inorganic because they do not contain ________.
Hydrogen
Inorganic compounds make up _____ of the dry weight of living cells
1%-1.5%
Most of the carbon found in organic molecules originates from inorganic carbon sources such as __________ captured via carbon fixation by microorganisms
Carbon dioxide
Two molecules may have the same chemical formula but different structures
Isomers
The Three sugars to the right all have the same chemical formula
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
C6 H12 O6
As a result of carbons unique combination of size and bonding properties, carbon atoms can bind together in large numbers, thus producing a chain or ________.
Carbon skeleton
Molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms are called
Isomers
The monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same molecular formula,
C6 H12 O6
Are arrangements of atoms that are commonly seen in organic molecules
Can be found attached to a wide variety of molecules
Functional group
Groups of atoms within molecules that are categorized by their specific chemical composition and the chemical reactions they perform, regardless of the molecule in which the group is found
Functional group
The portion of a molecule attached to a functional group is designated
“R”
3 groups of macromolecules form by linking repeating units called monomers
Carbohydrates :monosaccharides
Proteins : amino acids
Nucleic acids : nucleotides
Monomers for:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Monosaccharide
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Lipids, the 4th major type of macromolecule are formed from long ______ chains
Hydrocarbon
Most abundant bio molecules on earth
Formula is CH20
Carbohydrates
These molecules are also vital parts of macromolecular structures that store and transmit genetic information.
They are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to various structural components of organisms (cellulose and chitin), and they are the primary source of energy storage in the form of starch and glycogen
Carbohydrates
Sugar for DNA
Sugar for RNA
Deoxyribose
Ribose
The simplest carbohydrates are called _________, or simple sugars
Monosaccharides
They are the building blocks (monomers) for the synthesis of polymers or complex carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates are classified as _____, from the Greek sakcharon, meaning sugar
Saccharides
Saccharides are identified by the ending
-ose
Two monosaccharides can bond to form a
Disaccharide
A covalent bond between the two monosaccharides is a
Glycosidic bond
Common disaccharides include
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Also called glycans, contains hundreds of monosaccharides, not sweet, insoluble in water.
Polysaccharides
Common polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Table sugar
Milk
Sucrose
Lactose
People do not have a gene to digest lactose, bacteria in the gut begin to form gases.
Lactose intolerant
Hydrophobic
Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen, may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
Used for energy storage, membranes, hormones
Lipids
Are lipids that contain long chain hydrocarbons, a carboxylic acid functional group at the end.
Fatty acids
Fatty acids with no double bonds are called
Saturated fatty acids
Fatty acids have one or more double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids
A _____ has 3 fatty acid tails linked to a molecule of glycerol
Triglyceride
Are classified as simple lipids because they are formed from just two types of compounds: glycerol and fatty acid
Triglycerides
A phosphate head group, two fatty acid tails, may be saturated or unsaturated, affects membrane fluidity at different temperatures.
Phospholipid
Form the bilayer of cell membranes
Phospholipids
The negatively charged head group is
The fatty acid tails are
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
In water, phospholipids can form
Micelles
Bilayers
Spherical assemblies containing a hydrophobic interior of phospholipid tails and an outer surface of polar head groups
Micelles
Are complex ring structures that are found in cell membranes
Steroids
Most common type of steroid
Sterols
Is an important part of the animal cell membranes. It can also be used to form some hormones, like testosterone
Cholesterol
Are polymers of amino acids
Amino acids are joined by
Chains of amino acids are called
Proteins
Peptide bonds
Polypeptides
Every amino acid has
A central carbon group
An amino group
A carboxYl group
A side chain
Protein structure is categorized in terms of four levels
Primary - amino acid sequence
Secondary - localized folding
Tertiary - overall 3 dimensional shape of a single peptide
Quaternary - only found in proteins composed of 2 or more subunits
A protein in its normal, functional form is said to be in its
Native state
A _____ protein has an abnormal conformation
Denatured
Denaturation can be caused by:
Heat
pH changes
Organic compounds
The spike proteins on the sars-Covid virus are
Glycoproteins
Hydrophobic
Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen
May also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
Used for : energy storage, membranes, hormones
Lipids
Has a lipid attached
Are often anchored to one side of a membrane by the lipid portion
Lipoprotein
