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Microbiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is the chemistry of life

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

The most abundant element in cells is hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. We call these elements _______, and they account for 99% of the dry weight of cells.

A

Macronutrients

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3
Q

Some elements, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, molybdenum, copper, cobalt, manganese, or vanadium, are required by some cells in very small amounts and are called_________.

A

Micronutrients

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4
Q

The four most abundant elements in living matter (_________) have low atomic numbers and are thus light elements capable of forming strong blonds with other atoms to produce molecules.

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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5
Q

The simplest hydrocarbon

The simplest organic compound is __________, in which carbons only bind to hydrogen.

A

Methane

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6
Q

With just these four elements, complex macromolecules can be formed

A

Carbon 4 bonds
Nitrogen 3 bonds
Oxygen 2 bonds
Hydrogen 1 bond

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7
Q

Bio molecules contain many carbon atoms bonded together to form a

A

Carbon skeleton

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8
Q

The _______ gives the molecule a unique shape

A

Carbon skeleton

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9
Q

A _______ illustrates how atoms in a molecule are linked together

Single bond
Double bond
Triple bond

A

Structural formula

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10
Q

Living organisms contain _______ and ______

A

Inorganic compounds and organic molecules

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11
Q

Organic molecules contain ________; inorganic compounds do not.

A

Carbon

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12
Q

Carbon oxides and carbonates are exceptions; they contain carbon but are considered inorganic because they do not contain ________.

A

Hydrogen

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13
Q

Inorganic compounds make up _____ of the dry weight of living cells

A

1%-1.5%

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14
Q

Most of the carbon found in organic molecules originates from inorganic carbon sources such as __________ captured via carbon fixation by microorganisms

A

Carbon dioxide

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15
Q

Two molecules may have the same chemical formula but different structures

A

Isomers

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16
Q

The Three sugars to the right all have the same chemical formula

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

C6 H12 O6

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17
Q

As a result of carbons unique combination of size and bonding properties, carbon atoms can bind together in large numbers, thus producing a chain or ________.

A

Carbon skeleton

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18
Q

Molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms are called

A

Isomers

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19
Q

The monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same molecular formula,

A

C6 H12 O6

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20
Q

Are arrangements of atoms that are commonly seen in organic molecules
Can be found attached to a wide variety of molecules

A

Functional group

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21
Q

Groups of atoms within molecules that are categorized by their specific chemical composition and the chemical reactions they perform, regardless of the molecule in which the group is found

A

Functional group

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22
Q

The portion of a molecule attached to a functional group is designated

A

“R”

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23
Q

3 groups of macromolecules form by linking repeating units called monomers

A

Carbohydrates :monosaccharides
Proteins : amino acids
Nucleic acids : nucleotides

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24
Q

Monomers for:

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

A

Monosaccharide
Amino acids
Nucleotides

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25
Q

Lipids, the 4th major type of macromolecule are formed from long ______ chains

A

Hydrocarbon

26
Q

Most abundant bio molecules on earth

Formula is CH20

A

Carbohydrates

27
Q

These molecules are also vital parts of macromolecular structures that store and transmit genetic information.

They are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to various structural components of organisms (cellulose and chitin), and they are the primary source of energy storage in the form of starch and glycogen

A

Carbohydrates

28
Q

Sugar for DNA

Sugar for RNA

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

29
Q

The simplest carbohydrates are called _________, or simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

30
Q

They are the building blocks (monomers) for the synthesis of polymers or complex carbohydrates.

A

Monosaccharides

31
Q

Carbohydrates are classified as _____, from the Greek sakcharon, meaning sugar

A

Saccharides

32
Q

Saccharides are identified by the ending

A

-ose

33
Q

Two monosaccharides can bond to form a

A

Disaccharide

34
Q

A covalent bond between the two monosaccharides is a

A

Glycosidic bond

35
Q

Common disaccharides include

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

36
Q

Also called glycans, contains hundreds of monosaccharides, not sweet, insoluble in water.

A

Polysaccharides

37
Q

Common polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

38
Q

Table sugar

Milk

A

Sucrose

Lactose

39
Q

People do not have a gene to digest lactose, bacteria in the gut begin to form gases.

A

Lactose intolerant

40
Q

Hydrophobic

Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen, may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus

Used for energy storage, membranes, hormones

A

Lipids

41
Q

Are lipids that contain long chain hydrocarbons, a carboxylic acid functional group at the end.

A

Fatty acids

42
Q

Fatty acids with no double bonds are called

A

Saturated fatty acids

43
Q

Fatty acids have one or more double bonds

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

44
Q

A _____ has 3 fatty acid tails linked to a molecule of glycerol

A

Triglyceride

45
Q

Are classified as simple lipids because they are formed from just two types of compounds: glycerol and fatty acid

A

Triglycerides

46
Q

A phosphate head group, two fatty acid tails, may be saturated or unsaturated, affects membrane fluidity at different temperatures.

A

Phospholipid

47
Q

Form the bilayer of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

48
Q

The negatively charged head group is

The fatty acid tails are

A

Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

49
Q

In water, phospholipids can form

A

Micelles

Bilayers

50
Q

Spherical assemblies containing a hydrophobic interior of phospholipid tails and an outer surface of polar head groups

A

Micelles

51
Q

Are complex ring structures that are found in cell membranes

A

Steroids

52
Q

Most common type of steroid

A

Sterols

53
Q

Is an important part of the animal cell membranes. It can also be used to form some hormones, like testosterone

A

Cholesterol

54
Q

Are polymers of amino acids

Amino acids are joined by

Chains of amino acids are called

A

Proteins

Peptide bonds

Polypeptides

55
Q

Every amino acid has

A

A central carbon group

An amino group

A carboxYl group

A side chain

56
Q

Protein structure is categorized in terms of four levels

A

Primary - amino acid sequence

Secondary - localized folding

Tertiary - overall 3 dimensional shape of a single peptide

Quaternary - only found in proteins composed of 2 or more subunits

57
Q

A protein in its normal, functional form is said to be in its

A

Native state

58
Q

A _____ protein has an abnormal conformation

A

Denatured

59
Q

Denaturation can be caused by:

A

Heat
pH changes
Organic compounds

60
Q

The spike proteins on the sars-Covid virus are

A

Glycoproteins

61
Q

Hydrophobic
Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen

May also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus

Used for : energy storage, membranes, hormones

A

Lipids

62
Q

Has a lipid attached

Are often anchored to one side of a membrane by the lipid portion

A

Lipoprotein

Microbiology (22 decks)

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