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Microbiology > Chapter 15 study guide > Flashcards

Chapter 15 study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An ____ occurs when microbes
establish themselves in the body.

A

infection

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2
Q

A _____ is any condition in which the
normal structure or functions of the body
are damaged or impaired.

A

disease

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3
Q

of disease are objective
* measurable or observable by an outside
observer
* e.g., blood pressure, temperature,
blood counts, etc.

A

signs

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4
Q

of disease are subjective
* felt or experienced by the patient
* e.g., pain, fatigue, nausea, etc.

A

symptoms

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5
Q

A set of signs and symptoms associated
with a particular disease is a

A

syndrome

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6
Q

Many diseases are _____ or subclinical
* no noticeable signs or symptoms
* e.g., Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2), Hepatitis C

A

asymptomatic

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7
Q

a disease that is spread from one host to
another

A

communicable diseases

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8
Q

: a disease that is not spread from one
host to another

A

non communicable disease

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9
Q

transmitted by an animal
* vertebrates (e.g., rabies)
* invertebrates (e.g., West Nile virus, Lyme disease)

A

zoonotic disease

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10
Q

Diseases acquired in hospital settings are
known as _________.
* also called Hospital Acquired Infections
(HAI)
* Affect 1 in 31 hospital patients
* over 70,000 deaths/yr

A

nosocomial diseases

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11
Q

Diseases that are contracted as the result of a medical procedure
are known as

A

iatrogenic diseases.

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12
Q

is a fire causing molecule that causes your body set point temperature to be higher

A

pyrogen

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13
Q

symptoms
develop rapidly but the
disease lasts only a short
time
* cold, flu, strep throat

A

acute

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14
Q

symptoms
develop slowly
* hepatitis B or C, HIV

A

chronic

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15
Q

causative
agent is inactive for a time but
then activates and produces
symptoms
* genital herpes, Epstein-Barr virus

A

latent

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16
Q

summarized his method for determining whether a
particular microorganism was the cause of a particular disease.

A

Kochs postulates

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17
Q

Kochs Postulates

A

(1) The suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals.
(2) The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
(3) A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and symptoms of
disease as seen in postulate 1.
(4) The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and must be identical to the pathogen from postulate 2.

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18
Q

The ability of a microbial agent to cause disease is called

A

pathogenicity

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19
Q

the degree to which an organism is
pathogenic is called

A

virulence

20
Q

molecular Koch’s postulates

A
  1. The phenotype (S/Sx) should be associated only with pathogenic strains
    of a species.
  2. Inactivation of the suspected gene(s) should result in a measurable loss
    of pathogenicity.
  3. Reversion of the inactive gene should restore the disease phenotype.
21
Q

ID50 for Selected Foodborne Diseases4
Pathogen
ID50

A

Hepatitis A virus
10–100
Norovirus
1–10
Rotavirus
10–100

22
Q

A _____ can cause
disease in a host regardless of
the host’s resident microbiota or
immune system.
* influenza virus
* rabies virus
* Streptococcus pyogenes

A

primary pathogen

23
Q

An ______ can
only cause disease in situations
that compromise the host’s
defenses.
* Staphylococcus epidermidis*
* Candida albicans*
* Pneumocystis jirovecci

A

opportunistic infection

24
Q

State of pathogenesis

To cause disease, a pathogen must achieve 4 steps of
pathogenesis:

A

exposure (contact)
* adhesion (colonization)
* invasion
* infection

25
Q

An encounter with a potential
pathogen is known
as

A

exposure

26
Q

An anatomic site through which
pathogens can pass into host
tissue is called a ______

A

portal of entry

27
Q

is the ability of
pathogenic microbes to attach to
the cells of the body

A

adhesion

28
Q

molecules for binding to
host cells
* biofilm formation

A

adhesin

29
Q

involves the
dissemination of a pathogen
throughout local tissues or the
body.

A

invasion

30
Q

An initial infection is called a ____
infection.

A

primary

31
Q

Sometimes a primary infection can
predispose the host to a ______.
* an infection caused by a
pathogen
different
* enabled because the host was
compromised by the primary infection

A

secondary infection

32
Q

the presence of bacteria in blood

A

bacteremia

33
Q

virus found in blood

A

viraemia

34
Q

toxins found on blood

A

toxemia

35
Q

When bacteria are not just
present, but are multiplying in
the blood, the condition is called
septicemia.

A

septicemia

36
Q

may lead to a life-threatening
inflammatory condition called

a life-threatening decrease in blood
pressure (systolic pressure <90 mm Hg) that prevents cells and organs from receiving enough oxygen and nutrients.

A

septic shock

37
Q

Hyaluronidase S in
Staphylococcus
aureus
Degrades hyaluronic acid that cements cells together to promote
spreading through tissues

A

Glycohydrolases

38
Q

DNAse produced
by S. aureus
Degrades DNA released by dying cells (bacteria and host cells) that
can trap the bacteria, thus promoting spread

A

Nucleases

39
Q

Phospholipase C of
Bacillus anthracis

Degrades phospholipid bilayer of host cells, causing cellular lysis, and
degrade membrane of phagosomes to enable escape into the
cytoplasm

A

Phospholipases

40
Q

Collagenase in
Clostridium
perfringens

Degrades collagen in connective tissue to promote spread

A

Proteases

41
Q

flaccid paralysis: stops muscle contraction
blocks the release of acetylcholine

A

botulinum toxin

42
Q

spastic paralysis: stops uncontrollable muscle contraction. acetylcholine is continuous

A

tetanus toxin

43
Q

Many eukaryotic pathogens express virulence factors similar
to prokaryotes
* Common fungal virulence factors include:
* Phospholipases
* Mycotoxins
* ergot
* causes gangrene or hallucinations & convulsions
* aflatoxin
* carcinogenic
* proteases (e.g., elastase)

A

fungal virulence

44
Q

toxins that come from fungus

A

mycotoxin

45
Q
  • Large size limits effectiveness of immune factors
  • Outer cuticle on some provides a protective barrier
  • Antigenic variation
  • Proteases suppress immune responses
  • Host mimicry
  • expression of surface glycans that mimic those on human cells
  • May trigger exaggerated and/or inappropriate immune responses
A

helminth virulence factors

Microbiology (30 decks)

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