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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell

These chemical reactions provide energy and create substances that sustain life

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Is the build up and breakdown of nutrients within a cell

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

Large molecules are broken down into simple (smaller) ones, RELEASING ENERGY in the process

Small molecules are assembled into longer ones USING ENERGY

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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4
Q

Organisms that convert inorganic carbon dioxide into organic compounds _______?

Plants and Cyanobacteria are well known examples

A

Autotrophs

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5
Q

Rely on more complex organic compounds as nutrients; these are provided to them initially by autotrophs

Escherichia coli is an example of a

A

Heterotroph

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6
Q

Catabolism is ______ because it releases energy

Anabolism is _________ requires input of energy

A

Exergonic

Endergonic

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7
Q

Speed up reactions without being altered

A

Catalysts

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8
Q

Act on a specific substrate and lower the activation energy

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

Energy source : chemical

Carbon source : inorganic

Examples: hydrogen, sulfur, iron, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide oxidizing bacteria

A

Chemoautotrophs

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10
Q

Energy source : chemical

Carbon source : organic compounds

Examples : all animals, most fungi, Protozoa, and bacteria

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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11
Q

Energy source : light

Carbon source : inorganic

Examples : all plants, algae, Cyanobacteria, and green and purple sulfur bacteria

A

Photo autotrophs

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12
Q

Energy source : light

Carbon source: organic compounds

Examples : green and purple nonsulfur bacteria, heliobacteria

A

Photoheterotrophs

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13
Q

Reactions that REMOVE electrons from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized are

Those that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced, are

A

Oxidation reactions

Reduction reactions

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14
Q

Because electrons can move from one molecule to another, oxidation and reduction reactions occur in tandem. These pairs of reactions are called

A

Oxidation reactions or Redox reactions

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15
Q

Are inorganic ions such as iron (Fe 2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) that help stabilize enzyme conformation and function.

A

Cofactors

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16
Q

One example of an enzyme that requires a metal ion as a cofactor is the enzyme that builds DNA molecules, ________, which requires a bound zinc (Zn2+) to function.

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q

Are organic helper molecules that are required for enzyme action.

A

Coenzymes

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18
Q

The most common sources of coenzymes are

A

Dietary vitamins

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19
Q

An enzyme lacking a necessary cofactor or coenzyme is called a _____ and is inactive.

An enzyme with the necessary associated cofactor and coenzyme is called a _____ and is active.

A

Apoenzyme

Holoenzyme

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20
Q

Is a molecule similar enough to a substrate that it can compete with the substrate for binding to the active site by simply blocking the substrate from blocking

Example: sulfa drugs

Concentration dependent

A

Competitive inhibitor

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21
Q

Interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called allosteric inhibition

Non concentration dependent

A

Non competitive inhibitors

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22
Q

Is a 6 carbon sugar

A

Glucose

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23
Q

Is the most common pathway for catabolism of glucose

Takes place in cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Begins with a single six carbon glucose molecule and ends with TWO molecules of a three carbon sugar called pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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24
Q

Incoming two carbon acetyl results in the main out puts per turn of two CO2, THREE NADH, ONE FADH2, and One ATP molecules made by substrate level phosphorylation. Two turns of the _________ are required to process all of the carbon from one glucose molecule

A

Krebs cycle

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25
Q

Which part of the cell does Oxidative phosphorylation occur ?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane for eukaryotes

Inner part of cell membrane of prokaryotes (plasma membrane )

26
Q

Names of enzymes usually end in ____; grouped based on the reaction they catalyze

A

Ase

27
Q

Oxidoreductase

Transferase

Hydrolase

Lyase

Isomerase

Ligase

A

Oxidation reduction reactions

Transfer functional groups

Hydrolysis

Removal of atoms without hydrolysis

Rearrangements of atoms

Joining of molecules uses ATP

28
Q

Factors that influence enzyme activity

A

Temperature

pH

Substrate concentration

Inhibitors

29
Q

High temperatures and extreme pH _____ proteins

A

Denature

30
Q

If the concentration of a substrate is high _______ the enzyme catalyses at its maximum rate

A

Saturation

31
Q

The enzymatic activity increases with increasing temperature until the enzyme, a protein, is denatured by heat and inactivated

A

Temperature

32
Q

With increasing concentration of substrate molecules, the rate of reaction increases until active sites on all enzyme molecules are filled, at which point the maximum rate of reaction is reached

A

Substrate concentration

33
Q

Removal of electrons

Gain of electrons

An oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

A

Oxidation

Reduction

Redox reaction

34
Q

In biological systems, electrons and protons are removed at the same time; equivalent to a hydrogen atom.

A

Oxidation reduction reactions

35
Q

ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of _____ with the input of energy

A

ADP

36
Q

ATP is generated when high energy PO4 is added to ADP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

37
Q

Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along an electron transport chain on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

38
Q

Is the term for the process wherein ATP is generated from ADP using energy derived from the electron chain transport chain

A

Chemiosmosis

39
Q

Is the last component of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers.

A

Electron transport system

40
Q

Is a series or chemical reactions that resembles a bucket brigade in that electrons from NADH AND FADH2 are passed rapidly from one ETS electron to another

A

ETS

41
Q

Is the ability to do work

A

Energy

42
Q

Humans

E.coli

A

Chemoheterotroph

43
Q

Purple, green non sulfur bacteria

A

Photohetertroph

44
Q

Is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy

A

ATP

45
Q

In eukaryotic cells, a little bit of ATP is located in the ?

A

Cytosol

46
Q

In eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration happens in ?

A

Mitochondria

47
Q

In 1. eukaryotic and 2. prokaryotic cells, the electron transport system is located ?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Cell membrane
48
Q

32-36 ATP are generated in the mitochondria of

A

Eukaryotic cells

49
Q

In prokaryotic cells, a little bit of ATP is located in the ?

A

Cytosol

50
Q

Prokaryote produce ATP in ?

A

Cell membrane, the phospholipid bi layer

51
Q

Series of reactions that produce 4 ATP

A

Krebs cycle

52
Q

A series of enzyme reactions

A

Glycolysis

53
Q

Uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor

A

Aerobic respiration

54
Q

The final electron acceptor (the one having the most positive redox potential) at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule that becomes reduced to water by the final ETS

A

Aerobic respiration

55
Q

Uses a molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor

A

Anaerobic respiration

56
Q

ETS location in prokaryotes:

ETS location in eukaryotes:

A

Membrane of prokaryotes

Nucleus of eukaryotes

57
Q

Is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are few H+

A

ATP synthase

58
Q

The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy typically occurs in three principle stages

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
ETS

59
Q

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces

A

ATP and NADH

60
Q

is generated by oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP

Microbiology (22 decks)

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