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Microbiology > chapter 18 study guide 2 > Flashcards

chapter 18 study guide 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

aggregation involves the cross-linking of pathogens by antibodies to create large aggregates

A

Agglutination

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2
Q

An ____ is a pathogen-specific molecular structure that stimulates the activation of adaptive immune defenses. It is unique to a specific pathogen and can trigger both humoral immunity (antibody production) and cellular immunity

A

antigen

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3
Q

refers to the
adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens,

A

Specificity

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4
Q

refers to its ability to quickly respond to
pathogens to which it has previously been exposed

A

memory

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5
Q

An _____(or immunoglobulin) is a glycoprotein produced by B cells that is involved in the body’s defense against pathogens and toxins in the extracellular environment as part of humoral immunity

A

antibody

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6
Q

macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells have the ability to present antigens
specifically for the purpose of activating T cells; for this reason, these types of cells are sometimes referred to as

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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7
Q

programmed controlled cell death)

A

apoptosis

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8
Q

refers to a weakened strain of a pathogen with decreased virulence achieved through methods such as genetic manipulation (to eliminate key virulence factors) or long-term culturing in an unnatural host or environment (to promote mutations and decrease virulence)

A

Attenuated

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9
Q

are formed from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow and follow a
pathway through lymphoid stem cell and lymphoblast

A

B cell

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10
Q

for naïve mature B cells are membrane-bound monomeric forms of IgD and IgM, consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds into a basic “Y” shape.

A

B-cell receptors (BCRs)

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11
Q

Helper T cells and
regulatory T cells are characterized by the expression of ___ on their surface

A

CD4

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12
Q

cytotoxic T cells are
characterized by the expression of ___.

A

CD8

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13
Q

are the primary effector cells for cellular immunity. They recognize and target cells that have been infected
by intracellular pathogens, destroying infected cells along with the pathogens inside

A

cytotoxic
T cells

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14
Q

The two types of helper T cells are relatively short-lived _____, meaning that they
perform various functions of the immediate immune response

A

effector cells

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15
Q

an ____ is a smaller exposed region on the surface of antigens that antibodies and T cells recognize and interact with.

A

epitope

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16
Q

are proteases that enter the pores and induce apoptosis.

A

granzymes

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17
Q

Stimulate cytotoxic T cells and produce memory cytotoxic T cells
Stimulate macrophages and neutrophils (PMNs) for more effective intracellular killing of pathogens
Stimulate NK cells to kill more effectively

A

TH1 cells

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18
Q

Stimulate B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells
Direct antibody class switching in B cells

A

TH2 cells

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19
Q

T cells Stimulate immunity to specific infections such as chronic mucocutaneous infections

A

TH17 cells

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20
Q

“Remember” a specific pathogen and mount a strong, rapid secondary response upon re exposure

A

Memory helper T
cells

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21
Q

is a phenomenon where even susceptible individuals in a population are protected from a disease because there are too few susceptible individuals for the disease to spread effectively. It is not related to an individual’s ability to mount an effective immune response.

A

herd immunity

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22
Q

adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

A

humoral immunity

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23
Q

the ______ is the initial stage of the primary antibody response, lasting approximately 10 days, during which no antibody can be detected in the serum.

A

lag period (or latent period)

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24
Q

This period is the time required for all the steps of the primary response, including:

Naïve mature B cell binding of antigen with BCRs.
Antigen processing and presentation.
Helper T cell activation.
B cell activation and clonal proliferation.

A

lag period

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25
Q

However, the role of antigens is not limited to humoral immunity and the
production of antibodies; antigens also play an essential role in stimulating cellular immunity, and for this reason
antigens are sometimes more accurately referred to as immunogens.

A

immunogens

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26
Q

are specialized immune cells involved in adaptive specific immunity, which includes B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells).

A

lymphocytes

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27
Q

The_____ is a collection of genes coding for MHC molecules found on the
surface of all nucleated cells of the body.

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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28
Q

involves the binding of certain antibodies (IgG, IgM, or IgA) to epitopes on the surface of pathogens
or toxins, preventing their attachment to cells

A

Neutralization

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29
Q

refers to the transfer of adaptive
immune defenses from another individual or animal

A

passive immunity

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30
Q

are antibody factories that secrete large quantities of antibodies

A

Plasma
cells

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31
Q

is a protein that creates pores in the target cell

A

Perforin

32
Q

a ____is a toxin produced by certain bacterial and viral pathogens that triggers an unregulated and excessive activation of T cells

A

superantigen

33
Q

is a form of artificial immunity that stimulates the adaptive immune defenses by artificially triggering memory cell production, similar to what happens during a primary response. This process allows the individual to mount a strong secondary response upon exposure to the pathogen, without having to experience the initial infection

A

vaccination

34
Q

refers to the deliberate inoculation of individuals with infectious material from scabs or pustules of
smallpox victims.

A

Variolation

35
Q

Involved in the first step of pathogen epitope recognition during T cell activation (helper & cytotoxic T cells).

A

TCR

36
Q

Similar to antibodies (IgD and IgM).
Composed of 2 peptide chains (α and β chains).
Smaller and less complex than immunoglobulins (no Y-shape, just 2 chains).
Variable region for antigen binding, constant region

A

TCR

37
Q

Lag period of ~10 days before antibodies appear.

Shorter lag period, reduced to just a few days.

A

Primary Response:

Secondary Response:

38
Q

Activation of the adaptive immune defenses is triggered by pathogen-specific molecular structures called _____.

A

antigens

39
Q

For this reason antigens are sometimes more accurately referred to as _______

A

immunogens

40
Q

Antibodies and T cells do not recognize and interact with an entire antigen but with smaller exposed regions on the surface of antigens called ______.

A

epitopes

41
Q

Binds to antigen, neutralizes pathogens, agglutination, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A

Fab (Fragment of Antigen Binding)

42
Q

Binds complement factors, assists in opsonization (binding to phagocytic cells)

A

Fc (Fragment of Crystallization)

42
Q

Most abundant in blood:

Passed to fetus via placenta:

Most abundant in blood: 80% of serum antibody

A

IgG

43
Q

Shape: Y-shaped
Chains:
Light Chains: 2
Heavy Chains: 2
binding sites : 2

A

antibody strucutre

44
Q

Found in mucus, tears, saliva, and breast milk:

Protects mucous membranes by trapping pathogens

A

IgA

45
Q

First antibody in initial infection:

A

IgM

46
Q

Acts as receptor on B cells:

Found only in trace amounts in serum

A

IgD

47
Q

Effective against large parasites

A

IgE

48
Q

Involved in allergic reactions:

A

IgE

49
Q

Helper T cells and
regulatory T cells are characterized by the expression of ____on their surface, whereas cytotoxic T cells are
characterized by the expression of ___.

A

CD 4

CD 8

50
Q

are located on the surface of T cells (both helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells), spanning the cytoplasmic membrane.

A

TCRs

51
Q

How can TCRs recognize such a variety of antigens (billions) with a limited number of genes?

A

genetic rearrangement

52
Q

A single T cell expresses TCRs that are specific to only one unique ____.

A

epitope

53
Q

Which comes first: the TCR or the antigen?

A

TCR

54
Q

are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to an antigen-MHC II complex presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC), such as a dendritic cell, macrophage, or B cell. This interaction is supported by co-stimulatory signals and cytokines secreted by the APC.

A

Helper T cells

55
Q

are short-lived and carry out the immediate functions of the immune response, such as activating other immune cells or directing immune processes.

A

Effector cells (e.g., TH1 and TH2 cells)

56
Q

are long-lived and remain in the body to “remember” specific antigens. They enable a faster and stronger immune response during subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.

A

Memory cells

57
Q

Why is the formation of memory cells important to adaptive immunity?

A

long term immunity

58
Q

Recognition of an antigen-MHC I complex presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC).

Interaction of the cytotoxic T cell’s CD8 molecule with the MHC I complex.

Co-stimulation through cytokines released by APCs and, optionally, by TH1 cells, which enhance and sustain activation.

A

cytotoxic T cell activation

59
Q

Binding to the infected cell via their TCR recognizing the antigen-MHC I complex.

Releasing perforin, which creates pores in the target cell membrane.

Delivering granzymes, proteases that enter the cell through the pores and trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death).

A

how cytotoxic cells kill

60
Q

Cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens.

Cancerous or tumor cells displaying abnormal antigens.

Foreign cells, such as those from a transplanted organ,

A

cytotoxic cell targets

61
Q

A ____ is a toxin produced by certain bacteria and viruses that can trigger unregulated and excessive activation of T cells. It binds simultaneously to MHC II molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and the T cell receptor (TCR), bypassing the need for specific antigen recognition.

A

superantigen

62
Q

A ______ is a massive, uncontrolled release of cytokines caused by the excessive activation of the immune system, such as through superantigens

A

cytokine storm

63
Q

_________ are dangerous because they cause severe systemic inflammation, leading to:

A dangerous drop in blood pressure (shock).
Multi-organ failure.
Potential death due to overwhelming immune and inflammatory responses.

A

cytokine storms

64
Q

are located on the surface of B cells, embedded in the cell membrane.

A

BCRs

65
Q

The diversity of BCRs is achieved through ______ of V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments for the heavy chain, and V and J segments for the light chain. This creates millions of unique antigen-binding sites.

A

genetic rearrangement

66
Q

A single B cell expresses ___that are specific to only one unique epitope

A

BCRs

67
Q

All _____ on a single B cell have the same antigen-binding specificity

A

BCRs

68
Q

A ____ is a differentiated B cell that functions as an antibody factory. It secretes large quantities of antibodies specific to the antigen that triggered the B cell’s activation.

A

plasma cell

69
Q

A _____ is a long-lived B cell that remains in the body after the initial immune response. It “remembers” the specific antigen and can rapidly respond to subsequent exposures, facilitating a stronger and quicker secondary immune response.

A

memory B cell

70
Q

In a _____, this lag period is approximately 10 days and involves:

Antigen recognition by naïve B cells.
Antigen processing and presentation to helper T cells.
Helper T cell activation.
B cell activation, clonal proliferation, and differentiation into plasma cells.

A

primary response

71
Q

in a ____, the lag period is significantly shorter, typically only a few days, due to the presence of memory B cells that quickly recognize and respond to the antigen

A

secondary response

72
Q

Involves activation of an individual’s own immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells.
Results in long-lasting immunity.
Example: Recovery from chickenpox or receiving a vaccine.

A

Active Immunity:

73
Q

Involves the transfer of antibodies from another individual or source.
Provides immediate but temporary protection (no memory cells are formed).
Example: Antibodies passed from parent to infant through the placenta or receiving an antitoxin.

A

passive immunity

74
Q

Acquired through natural exposure.
Example:
Active: Immune response to an infection.
Passive: Antibodies passed to an infant via breast milk.

A

natural immunity

75
Q

Acquired through medical intervention.
Example:
Active: Immunization with vaccines.
Passive: Administration of antibody-containing serum for post-exposure prophylaxis (e.g., rabies).

A

Artificial Immunity:

Microbiology (25 decks)

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