SOC Chp. 11 Social Structure & Demographics

Question 1

What are the 2 types of functions?

Answer 1

latent and manifest

Question 2

What is the diff b/w manifest and latent function?

Answer 2

manifest - deliberate actions that help some part of the system.
latent - unintended positive consequences of manifest functions on other parts of the system

Question 3

What is deviance?

Answer 3

acts or behaviors that go against social norms

Question 4

What is the diff b/w symbolic interactionism and social constructionism?

Answer 4

symbolic interactionism studies the way individuals interact through a shared understanding of symbols
social constructionism explores the way individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

Question 5

What is the rational choice theory?

Answer 5

an individual carefully considers all of the possible rewards and punishments of social action and chooses the option that has the highest benefit-to-harm ratio

Question 6

What is the exchange choice theory?

Answer 6

assumes that a behavior that is met with approval by others is encouraged and will be reinforced and those that aren’t are punished and discontinue

Question 7

What is the Glass ceiling phenomenon?

Answer 7

women are less frequently promoted in the workplace and have more difficulty attaining a top-level administrative position within a company

Question 8

What can a religious group become a cult?

Answer 8

occurs when religious groups with extremely deviant philosophies

Question 9

What is a democracy?

Answer 9

allows every citizen a political voice usually through elected representatives

Question 10

What is a monarchy?

Answer 10

a king or queen rules the people

Question 11

What is a dictatorship?

Answer 11

a system where a single holds power, and usually includes mechanisms/ 3 to quell threats to this power

Question 12

What is a theroacry?

Answer 12

a system where power is held by a religious leader

Question 13

What are the key tenants for medical ethics?

Answer 13

beneficence - Dr has the responsibility o act in pts best interest
nonmaleficence - do no harm
respect of pts autonomy
justice - Dr has to treat similar patients with similar care, and distribute healthcare resources fairly

Question 14

What is the diff b/w material ad symbolic culture?

Answer 14

material culture is associated with artifacts/objects, and symbolic culture is ideals associated with cultural groups

Question 15

What happens when symbolic culture is slower to change than material culture?

Answer 15

culture lag

Question 16

What is the diff b/w beliefs and values?

Answer 16

values are what a person deems important in life, which distances one’s ethical principles and standards of behavior, and belief is what a person accepts to be true

Question 17

What are norms?

Answer 17

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Question 18

What is the diff b/w fertility, birth, mortality, and migration rate?

Answer 18

fertility = children per woman per lifetime
birth = children per 100 people per year
mortality = deaths per 1000 people per year
migration = immigrate rate minus emigration rate

Question 19

What is the diff b/w immigration and emoigration?

Answer 19

immigration is movement into a new geographic space, whereas emigration is movement away from it.

Question 20

What is the diff b/w the push and pull factors of migration?

Answer 20

push - positive attributes of the new location that attracted the immigrants
pull - negative attributes of the old location that encourage immigrants to leave

Question 21

What happens during the demographic transition?

Answer 21

model used to represent drops in birth and date rates as a result of industrialization

Question 22

What is the Malthusian theory?

Answer 22

it focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace the growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation, disorder, and mass starvation

Question 23

What are the threats to globalization?

Answer 23

worldwide unemployment, rising prices, increased population, civil unrest, and global terrorism

Question 24

What is the diff b/w a slum and a ghetto?

Answer 24

ghettos are areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, due to economic or social inequalities. slums are formed from extreme cases of ghettos, and are informal housing and poor sanitation

Question 25

What is Karl Marx’s conflict theory?

Answer 25

power differences are created when groups compete for economic, social, and political resources; these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

Question 26

What is the diff b/w race and ethnicity?

Answer 26

race is based on phenotypic difference b/w groups ethnicity is based on common language, religions, nationality, and other cultural factors