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Kaplan MCAT > PSYCH Chp. 2 Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

PSYCH Chp. 2 Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What are ganglia?

A

collection of neurons outside of the CNS

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2
Q

What is the purpose of osmoreceptors?

A

respond to osmolarity in the blood (water homeostasis)

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3
Q

What is the purpose of nociceptors?

A

respond to painful or noxious stimuli (somatosensation)

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4
Q

What is the diff b/w absolute threshold and just-noticeable difference?

A

absolute threshold is the minimum of stimulus energy needed to active a sensory system, while JND refers to the minimum difference in magnitude b/w 2 stimuli before one can perceive this difference

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5
Q

What is the frontmost portion of the eye?

A

cornea - gathers and focuses the light

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6
Q

What are the blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eyes?

A

the choroidal vessels - complex intermingling b/w the sclera and retina, and the retinal vessels

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7
Q

What is the innermost portion of the eye?

A

retina - houses photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical impulses to the brain for processing

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7
Q

What is the iris?

A

colored portion of the eye that separates the front of the eye into anterior and posterior chambers. is composed of the dilator and constrictor pupillae muscles that dilate and constrict the pupil under sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulating

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7
Q

What is the iris continuous with?

A

the choroid and the ciliary body

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the lens?

A

helps to control the refraction of incoming light, and is held in place by ciliary muscles

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the ciliary body?

A

produce aqueous humor that bathes on the front part of the eye before draining into the canal of schlemm

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8
Q

Why is visual acuity best at the fovea?

A

because it contains only cones

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the rods?

A

detects light and darks and contains a pigment called rhodopsin, which permits night vision

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9
Q

What is accommodation?

A

the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body contract under Parasympathic control, pulling on the sensory ligaments and changing the shapes of the lens

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10
Q

What are the cells that make up the optic nerve?

A

bipolar and ganglion cells

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10
Q

What is the purpose of amacrine and horizontal cells?

A

they are important for edge detection

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11
Q

What is the visual pathway?

A

cornea –> pupil –> lens –> vitreous –> rods and cones –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tracts –> lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus –> or visual radiations of the parietal lobe –> visual cortex of the occipital lobe

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the paravocelluar cells?

A

detects shapes, with high spatial resolutions and low temporal resolution

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the magnocellular cells?

A

have very high temporal resolutions which allow us to detect motion, but because they have low spital resolutions, we cannot see the details of the moving object

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14
Q

What is the role of the ear?

A

hearing, and rotational and the detection of linear acceleration (vestibular sense)

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15
Q

What are the parts of the outer ear?

A

the pinna/auricle channel sound waves into the external auditory canal which then directs the waves into the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

16
Q

What are the 3 smallest bones in the body?

A

the ossicles in the middle of the ear - malleus/ammer, incus/avil, and stapes/stirrup. the stapes rest on the oval window

17
Q

What is the role of the ossicles?

A

to help transmit and amplify the vibrations from the tympanic membrane into the inner ear

18
Q

How is the middle ear connected to the nasal cavity?

A

via the Eustachian tube which helps equalize pressure b/w the middle ear and the environment

19
Q

What are the parts of the inner ear?

A

cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals filled with membranous labyrinth

20
Q

What fluid makes up the bony and membranous labyrinth?

A

the bony labyrinth is suspended in a thin layer of perilymph, and the membraneous is filled with endolymph

21
Q

What is the role of the perilymph?

A

transmit vibrations from the outside world, and cushion the inner ear structures

22
Q

What are the parts that make up the cochlea?

A

the scalae

23
Q

Where is the organ of corti houses?

A

in the middle scalae of the cochlea

24
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

the hearing apparatus of the ear; has thousands of hair cells bathed in endolymph

25
Q

What are the other 2 scalae filled with?

A

perilymph

26
Q

What are the other 2 scalae filled continous with?

A

the oval and round window

27
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

the portion of the bony labyrinth that contains the utricle and saccule

28
Q

What is the purpose of the utricle and saccule?

A

sensitivity to linear acceleration, used for balancing and determining one’s orientation in 3D space. the utricle and saccule contain modified hair cells covered with otoliths, and as the body accelerates, these otoliths resist motions

29
Q

What is the purpose of the semicircular canals?

A

sensitivity to rotational acceleration. contains the ampulla where hair cells are located. As the head rotates, the endolymph in the canals resists this motion.

30
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A

pinna –? external auditory canal –? tympanic membrane–> malleus –> incus –> stapes > oval window –> perilymph in cochlea –> basilar membrane –> hair cells –> vestibulocochlear nerve –> brainstem –> medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus –> auditory cortex in the temporal lobe for processing

31
Q

What causes depoloarizaiton of neurons in hair cells?

A

movement of endolymph inside the organ of Corti causes the opening of ion channels which causes receptor potential

32
Q

What is the purpose of the olfactiry cheoreceptors?

A

smell responds to volatile and aerosolized compounds

33
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

A

nostrils –> nasal cavity –> olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerve) in the olfactory epithelium –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory tract –> limbic system

34
Q

Which sense does not pass through the thalamus?

A

smell

35
Q

What is taste?

A

detection of dissolved compounds via papillae/taste buds

36
Q

What is the taste pathway?

A

taste travels from the taste buds to the brainstem, and then ascends to the taste centers in the thalamus then to the somatosensory cortex in the partial lobe

37
Q

What are the 5 types of pain receptors?

A

Pacinian corpuscles - respond to deep pressure and vibration
Meissner corpuscles - respond to light touch
Merkle cells (disc) - respond to deep pressure and texture
Ruffini endings - respond to stretch
Free nerve endings - respond to pain and temperature

38
Q

What is physiological zero?

A

the normal body temp of the skin, between 86-97 degrees

39
Q

What is the purpose of kinesthetic sense/proprioception?

A

the ability to tell where one’s body is in space. found mostly in muscles and joints, and play a role in hand-eye coordination, balance, and mobility

40
Q

What is button-up/data-driven processing?

A

Refer to object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection. slower, but less prone to mistakes

41
Q

What is top-down/conceptually driven processing?

A

refers to the recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention. faster but more prone to mistakes

42
Q

What is the law of proximity?

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

43
Q

What is the law of similarity?

A

similar objects tend to be grouped together

44
Q

What is the law of good continuation?

A

elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together

45
Q

What is the law of closure?

A

certain figures tend to be perceived as more complete/closed than they are

46
Q

What is the law of contours?

A

edges or shapes that are not present can be implied by the surrounding objects

Kaplan MCAT (28 decks)

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