PSYCH Chp. 5 Motivation, Emotion & Stress Flashcards
What is the instinct theory of motivation?
people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts
What is the arousal theory of motivation?
states that people perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal levels and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level.
What is drive?
an internal state of tension that activates particular behaviors focused on goals.
What is the diff b/w primary and secondary drive?
primary drives are those that motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes. secondary drives are those that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, emotional, or learning desires
What is the drive reduction theory of motivation?
explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
the first 4 levels of the pyramid correspond to physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, and self-esteem. the highest level of the pyramid correspond to self-actualization or the need to realize ones fullest potential. if the lowest level of need is not met, motivation to meet that highest level will not be a priority
What is the self-determination theory of needs?
emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: autonomy, competency, and relatedness
What is the incentive theory?
explains that behavior is not motivated by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
What is the expectancy-value theory?
states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectations or success and the amount that success is valued
Which theory explains drug addiction and tolerance?
the opponent-process theory
What are the 7 universal emotions?
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, disgust, anger, and fear
What is James-Lange’s theory of emotions?
the nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the mention is labeled?
What is Cannon-Bard’s theory of emotions?
the simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action
What is Schachter-Singer’s theory of emotions?
nervous system arousal and interpretation of context leads to a cognitive response
What parts make up the limbic system?
amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex
What is the role of the amygdala?
signals the cortex about stimuli related to fear, and also plays a role in human emotions through the interpretation of facial expressions
What is the role of the Thalamus?
sensory processing and relay station
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal
What is the role of the hippocampus?
primarily involved in creating long-term episodic memories
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?
the anterior portion of the frontal lobe that is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
What is the diff b/w the left and right prefrontal cortex?
the left is associated with positive and the right with negative emotions
What is the diff b/w the dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex?
the dorsal is associated with attention and cognition, while the ventral connects with the regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.
What is the diff b/w primary and secondary appraisal?
primary appraisal is the initial emanation, which results in the identification of stress as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful. if identified as a threat, the secondary appraisal is an evaluation of one’s ability to cope with the stress
What is approach-approach conflict?
refers to the need to choose b/w 2 desirable options
What is avoidance-avoidance conflict?
refers to the need to choose b/w 2 negative options
What is approach-avoidance conflict?
deals with only 1 choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive or negative elements
What is Yerkes Dodson’s law?
shows that performance is optimal at medium levels of arousal
What are the 3 components of emotions?
cognitive (subjective), behavioral (facial expression and body language), and physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system)
What are the 3 stages of general adaption syndrome?
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
What are the psychological changes in alarm?
activation of the SNS, release of ACTH and cortisol, stimulation of the adrenal medulla to secret epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are the psychological changes in resistance?
continuous release of hormones activates the sympathetic nervous system
What are the psychological changes in exhaustion?
can no longer maintain elevated sympathetic nervous system activity, more susceptible to illness and medical conditions, organs deteriorate, and death
