PSYCH Chp. 5 Motivation, Emotion & Stress

Question 1

What is the instinct theory of motivation?

Answer 1

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts

Question 2

What is the arousal theory of motivation?

Answer 2

states that people perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal levels and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level.

Question 3

What is drive?

Answer 3

an internal state of tension that activates particular behaviors focused on goals.

Question 4

What is the diff b/w primary and secondary drive?

Answer 4

primary drives are those that motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes. secondary drives are those that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, emotional, or learning desires

Question 5

What is the drive reduction theory of motivation?

Answer 5

explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 6

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 6

the first 4 levels of the pyramid correspond to physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, and self-esteem. the highest level of the pyramid correspond to self-actualization or the need to realize ones fullest potential. if the lowest level of need is not met, motivation to meet that highest level will not be a priority

Question 7

What is the self-determination theory of needs?

Answer 7

emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: autonomy, competency, and relatedness

Question 8

What is the incentive theory?

Answer 8

explains that behavior is not motivated by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Question 9

What is the expectancy-value theory?

Answer 9

states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectations or success and the amount that success is valued

Question 10

Which theory explains drug addiction and tolerance?

Answer 10

the opponent-process theory

Question 11

What are the 7 universal emotions?

Answer 11

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, disgust, anger, and fear

Question 12

What is James-Lange’s theory of emotions?

Answer 12

the nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the mention is labeled?

Question 13

What is Cannon-Bard’s theory of emotions?

Answer 13

the simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action

Question 14

What is Schachter-Singer’s theory of emotions?

Answer 14

nervous system arousal and interpretation of context leads to a cognitive response

Question 15

What parts make up the limbic system?

Answer 15

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex

Question 16

What is the role of the amygdala?

Answer 16

signals the cortex about stimuli related to fear, and also plays a role in human emotions through the interpretation of facial expressions

Question 17

What is the role of the Thalamus?

Answer 17

sensory processing and relay station

Question 18

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

Question 19

What is the role of the hippocampus?

Answer 19

primarily involved in creating long-term episodic memories

Question 20

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 20

the anterior portion of the frontal lobe that is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions

Question 21

What is the diff b/w the left and right prefrontal cortex?

Answer 21

the left is associated with positive and the right with negative emotions

Question 22

What is the diff b/w the dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 22

the dorsal is associated with attention and cognition, while the ventral connects with the regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.

Question 23

What is the diff b/w primary and secondary appraisal?

Answer 23

primary appraisal is the initial emanation, which results in the identification of stress as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful. if identified as a threat, the secondary appraisal is an evaluation of one’s ability to cope with the stress

Question 24

What is approach-approach conflict?

Answer 24

refers to the need to choose b/w 2 desirable options

Question 25

What is avoidance-avoidance conflict?

Answer 25

refers to the need to choose b/w 2 negative options

Question 26

What is approach-avoidance conflict?

Answer 26

deals with only 1 choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive or negative elements

Question 27

What is Yerkes Dodson’s law?

Answer 27

shows that performance is optimal at medium levels of arousal

Question 28

What are the 3 components of emotions?

Answer 28

cognitive (subjective), behavioral (facial expression and body language), and physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system)

Question 29

What are the 3 stages of general adaption syndrome?

Answer 29

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 30

What are the psychological changes in alarm?

Answer 30

activation of the SNS, release of ACTH and cortisol, stimulation of the adrenal medulla to secret epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 31

What are the psychological changes in resistance?

Answer 31

continuous release of hormones activates the sympathetic nervous system

Question 32

What are the psychological changes in exhaustion?

Answer 32

can no longer maintain elevated sympathetic nervous system activity, more susceptible to illness and medical conditions, organs deteriorate, and death