PSYCH Chp. 6 Identity & Personality

Question 1

What is the self-discrepancy theory?

Answer 1

maintains that there are 3 selves, and the closer the 3 selves are to each other, the higher our self-esteem.
actual self - the way we see ourselves as we currently as
ideal self - the person we would like to be
ought self - our representation of the way others think we should be

Question 2

What is self-effiacy?

Answer 2

out belief in our ability to succeed

Question 3

What is locus of control?

Answer 3

the way we characterize the influence in our lives

Question 4

What is the diff b/w internal and external locus of control?

Answer 4

people with an internal locus of control view themselves as controlling their fate, whereas those with an external locus of control feel that their life is caused by luck or outside influence

Question 5

What is fixation?

Answer 5

occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated. stage of development

Question 6

What is the first stage of Freud’s development?

Answer 6

the oral stage (0-12 mons). During this stage, gratification is obtained primarily through putting objects into the mouth, biting, and sucking

Question 7

What will an orally fixated adult exhibit?

Answer 7

excessive dependency

Question 8

What is the second stage of Freud’s development?

Answer 8

the anal stage (1-3 yrs). libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through the elimination and retention of waste materials.

Question 9

What is the third stage of Freud’s development?

Answer 9

the phallic/oedipal stage (3-5 yrs) centers on the resolution of the oedipal conflict for male children of the analogous electra conflict for female children.

Question 10

What is the fourth stage of Freud’s development?

Answer 10

latency stage which last until puberty is reached

Question 11

What will a stage 2 fixated adult exhibit?

Answer 11

excessive orderliness or slopiness

Question 12

What is the oedipal and electra conflict?

Answer 12

oedipal conflict - the son is envious of his father’s relationship with his mother
Electra conflict - the daughter has penis envy

Question 13

What is the fifth stage of Freud’s development?

Answer 13

the genital stage, beginning from puberty and lasting through adulthood.

Question 14

What may occur if prior developments proceed correctly and incorrectly?

Answer 14

if all stages are proceeded correctly, then the child can enter into healthy heterosexual relationships. if not, behaviors such as homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishes may result

Question 15

What are the outcomes of the trust vs. mistrust (0-12 mons) conflict according to Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 15

if resolved correctly, the child learns to trust their environment and themselves

Question 16

What are the outcomes of the autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 yrs) conflict according to Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 16

the favorable outcome is that the child feels able to exert control over the world and exercise choices as well as self-restraint. The unfavorable outcome is a sense of doubt and a persistent external locus of control.

Question 17

What are the outcomes of the initiative vs. guilt (3-6 yrs) conflict according to Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 17

favorable outcomes include a sense of purpose, and the ability to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishments. If guilt wins, the child may be overcome by the fear of punishment which may lead them to restrict themselves or overcompensate by showing off

Question 18

What are the outcomes of the industry vs. inferiority (6-12 yrs) conflict according to Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 18

if resolved favorably, the child will feel competent and be able to express their abilities and intelligence in the world and affect the world the way the child desires. unfavorable resolution results in a sense of inadequacy, low self-esteem

Question 19

What are the outcomes of the identity vs. role confusion (12-20 yrs) conflict according to Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 19

the favorable outcome is fidelity, and the ability to see one’s self as unique. unfavorable outcomes are confusion about one’s identity and an amorphous personality that shifts from day to day

Question 20

What are the outcomes of the intimacy vs. isolation (20-40 yrs) conflict according to Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 20

favorable outcomes are love, the ability to have intimate relationships with others, and committing oneself to another person or one’s own goals. unfavorable outcomes are avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing oneself from others and one’s ideals

Question 21

What are the outcomes of the generativity vs. stagnation (40-60 yrs) conflict according to Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 21

favorable outcomes result in an individual capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society. unfavorable outcomes cause one to acquire a sense of stagnation and may become self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered

Question 22

What are the outcomes of the integrity vs. despair (65+) conflict according to Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 22

if favorably resolved, we will see wisdom (detached concern for one’s self), with assurance in the meaning of life, dignity, and acceptance of the fact that one’s life has been worthwhile. if not, there will be feelings of bitterness about one’s life, feeling like life is worthless, and a fear of death

Question 23

What is the pre-conventional morality phase according to Kolberg’s moral reasoning?

Answer 23

child to preadolescent thinking that emphasizes the consequences of moral choice.

Question 24

What is the diff b/w stages 1 and 2 of the pre-conventional phase of Kolberg’s moral reasoning?

Answer 24

stage 1 - instrumental relativist: obedience - is concerned with avoiding punishment
stage 2: self-interest - is about gaining rewards

Question 25

What is the conventional morality phase according to Kolberg’s moral reasoning?

Answer 25

begins in early adolescence to adulthood. the individual begins to see themselves in terms of their relationship to others. this phase is based on understanding and accepting social rules

Question 26

What is the post-conventional morality phase according to Kolberg’s moral reasoning?

Answer 26

not everyone has. based on social mores which may conflict with laws

Question 27

What is the diff b/w stages 5 and 6 of the post-conventional phase of Kolberg’s moral reasoning?

Answer 27

stage 5: social contract views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good with reasoning focus on individual rights
stage 6: universal human ethics reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles

Question 28

What is the diff b/w stages 3 and 4 of the conventional phase of Kolberg’s moral reasoning?

Answer 28

stage 3: conformity - a person seeks the approval of others
stage 4: law and order - maintains the social order in the highest regard