BIO Ch. 6 Respiratory System Flashcards
What is vibrissae?
nasal hairs
What is the role of the surfactant in the alveoli?
it is a detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the alveolus from collapsing on itself
What is the job of the glottis/epiglottis?
covers the larynx during swallowing to keep food out of the respiratory tract
What are the 3 pleural layers of the lungs?
visceral - lies adjacent to the lungs itself
parietal - lines the chest call
intrapleural space - lies b/w the visceral and partial pleura, and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the 2 pleural surfaces
How is exhalation completed passively?
the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, the lungs recoil allowing the chest cavity to decrease in volume, and the intrapleural pressure goes up according to Boyle’s law
How is inhalation/negative-pressure breathing completed?
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume
of the intrapleural space, and decreasing the volume of the intrapleural pressure. this pressure differential expands the lungs and draws in air from the environment
What cannot a spirometer measure?
spirometer cannot accurately measure the total lung capacity because it cannot determine the residual volume
What is the role of ventilation centers and chemoreceptors in the brain?
neurons in the ventilator center of the medulla oblongata fire rhythmically to cause regular contraction of respiratory muscles. these neurons contain chemoreceptors that sense CO2 concentration. When CO2 rises in the blood (hypercarbia/hypercapnia), the respiratory rate and ventilation increase so more CO2 is exhaled and lowered in the blood
What are lysozymes?
enzymes in the nasal cavity, tears, and saliva can degrade peptidoglycan in the wall of gram-positive bacteria, preventing infection
How do macrophages work?
they engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there Is an invader
How do mast cells work?
mast cells in the lunges have antibodies on their surfaces, and once the right substance is attached to the antibody, the mast cells release inflammatory chemicals into the surrounding areas to promote an immune response such as mediating allergic reactions
What are the effects of a low pH on the bicarbonate system?
when pH is lowered (<7.35), the H ion concentration is higher, the body is academic, and the bicarbonate system is shifted left, generating more CO2. Chemoreceptors outside the blood-brain barrier signal to the brain to increase respiration
What are the effects of a high pH on the bicarbonate system?
when pH is high (>7.45), respiration is decreased/slowed down, more CO2 is maintained, the body is alkalemia, and the bicarbonate system is shifted right, generating more H and bicarbonate Ions. As a result, pH will lower
How is exhalation completed actively?
the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air
What type of blood is carried in pulmonary artieres and veins?
pulmonary arteries receive deoxygenated blood, while pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood
