PSYCH Chp. 7 Psychological Disorders Flashcards
What are the symptoms of psychotic disorder?
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts and behaviors, catatonia
What are the active symptoms of schizophrenia?
psychotic disorder and disorganized speech
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Disturbance of affect - loss of the ability to express emotion
Avolition - lose sense of goal-directed actions
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Delusions - false beliefs and distorted reality
Hallucination
Disorganized thought - abrupt changes in subjects in speech
Disorganized behavior - inability to carry out daily activities
What are delusions of references?
the belief that common elements in the environment are directed towards the individual
What are delusions of persecution?
the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated and plotted against, or threatened.
What are delusions of grandeur?
the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way
What is though broadcasting?
the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcasted directly from their head to the external world
What are thoughts of insertion?
the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head
What is word salad?
incomphrehensive words and disorganized speech
What is neologism?
schizophrenic patients inventing new words
What is echolalia?
reapeating others words
What is echopraxia?
imitating others actions
What is the flat effect?
virtually no signs of emotional expression
What is the downward drift hypothesis?
it states that schizophrenia causes a decline in socioeconomic status, leading to worsening symptoms, which sets up a negative spiral for the patient toward poverty and psychosis
What is anhedonia?
loss of interest in all or almost formerly enjoyable activities
What is the treatment for seasonal depressive disorder?
bright light therapy
What are the symptoms of major depressive disorders?
sadness, sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor symptoms, and suicidal thoughts
What are the symptoms of classical bipolar disorder?
mania, Distractible, Insomnia, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas (racing thoughts), Agitation, Pressured speech, Thoughtlessness
What is agoraphobia anxiety disorder?
people who are terrified of being in public because they fear that if some accident were to occur, they wouldn’t be able to escape and protect themselves
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Obsessions - persistent and intrusive thought that a person obsesses over that raises their stress
Compulsions - behavior the person uses to remedy their stress
What are the intrusive symptoms of PTSD?
recurrent reliving of event, flashback, nightmares and prolonged distress
What is the monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression?
too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to manaia, while too little leads to depression
What are the symptoms of panic disorder?
autonomic system overdrive - trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, shortness of breath, racing heart, and palpitations
intense and overwhelming fear
What are the avoidance symptoms of PTSD?
deliberate attempts to avoid memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with traumas
What are the negative cognitive symptoms of PTSD?
inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotion, feeling distance from others, and persistent negative view of the world
What is dissociative fugue?
a sudden unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual activity. individuals in this state are confused about their identity and can even assume a new identity
What is dissociative disorder?
the person avoids stress by escaping from their identity
What is dissociative amnesia?
inability to recall past experiences
What are the arousal symptoms of PTSD?
increase startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, and sleep disturbances
What is dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality disorder?
there are two ore more personalities that recurrently take e control of a person’s behavior due to a failure of the indemnity integration. usually results from severe physical or sexual abuse
What is illness anxiety disorder?
patient feels that they are at risk for contracting a disease and are constantly checking themselves
What is depersonalization/derealization disorder?
the person feels detached from their mind and body (depersonalization) or their surroundings (derealization)
What is conversion/hysteria disorder?
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory function
What is the diff b/w ego-syntonic and ego-dystonic personality disorder?
ego-syntonic - individual sees their behavior as correct or normal
ego-dystonic - individual sees the illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive and bothersome
What are the 3 clusters of personality disorder?
A - paranoid, schizotypal, and schiziod
B - antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
C - avoidance, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
What is paranoid personality/premorbid schizophrenia disorder?
a pervasive mistrust of others and suspicion
What is schizotypal personality disorder?
pattern of odd and eccentric thinking. individuals may have ideas of reference and magical thinking such as superstitious or belief in clairvoyance
What is schizoid personality disorder?
pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional control
What is antisocial personality disorder?
pattern of disregard for the violation of the rights of others. more common in men, and seen most in serial killers
What is histrionic personality disorder?
constant attention-seeking behavior
What is borderline personality disorder?
pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image, intense fear of abdanoment, and splitting (viewing others are good or evil). most common in females and seen in suicide attempts and self-mutilation
What is narcissistic personality disorder?
grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness. they have fragile self-esteem and are constantly looking for admiration and attention
What is avoidant personality disorder?
extreme shyness or fear of rejection. individual isolated even though they have an intense desire for social affection and acceptance
What is dependent personality disorder?
a continuous need for reassurance
What is OCD personality disorder?
individual is a perfectionist and inflexible, tending to like rules and order
What is the biological basis for schizophrenia?
Genetic predisposition, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, family history
Results in neurodevelopmental abnormalities and improper chemical balance in the neurotransmitter dopamine
We give patients drugs that block dopamine (neuroleptics) roles in the brain to treat schizophrenia
What is the biological basis for depression?
abnormally high glucose metabolism in the amygdala, hippocampal atrophy, decreased NE, serotonin, and dopamine, abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol), decreased activity in the frontal lobe, and increased activity in the limbic lobe.
What is the biological basis for bipolar disorder?
increased norepinephrine and serotonin, and higher risk if the person has multiple sclerosis or a parent with bipolar disorder
What is the biological basis for Alzheimer’s?
genetic factors, brain atrophy, decrease in acetylcholine and its receptors, senile plaques of beta-amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles
mutations in the presenilin genes (chromosome 1, 14, and 21), ApoE (involved in the metabolism of fats),
changes in the amygdala, forebrain, hippocampus, and cortex
What is the biological basis for Parkinson’s disease?
decrease production of dopamine by cells in the Substantia nigra which is part of the basal ganglia and plays a major role in motor functions and some mental functions.
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
bradykinesia - slowness in movement
resting tremor
pill-rolling tremor - flexing and extending the fingers while loving the thumbs back and forth
masklike facies - a facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, starring eyer, and a partially opened mouth
cogwheel rigidity - muscle tension that intermittently halts movement
shuffling gait - stopped posture
What is the diff b/w major depressive disorder and bipolar I disorder?
major depressive disorder contains at least one major depressive episode with no manic episodes. bipolar I disorder has at least one manic episode with or without depressive episodes.
What is the diff b/w Alzheimers and Parkinson’s disease?
dopamine levels are elevated in schizophrenia and reduced in Parkinsons’ diseases
What are the symptoms of cyclothymic disorder?
at least one hypomanic episode and dysthymia
