MCAT Stuff IDK Flashcards
What happened in the Loop of Henle?
sodium is reabsorbed from the filtrate and urine is concentrated
What causes depolarization in neurons?
the influx of sodium through the voltage-gated ion channels causes depolarization down the nodes of Ranvier (unmyelinated)
When are leukocytes administered?
when there is inflammation
What comprises the extracellular fluids?
blood plasma and lymph
What does anaerobic mean?
there’s no oxygen or glyocysis
How do bacteria reproduce?
through conjugation by the use of F-factor plasmids
What is the diff b/w exo and endocrine secretion?
exocrine = secreted into ducts
endocrine = secreted into blood
What is the process of inhalation?
inhalation in the lungs is a negative pressure pumping in which the pressure of the lungs. is lower than the atmospheric pressure
Where do steroids bind?
steroids must bind on carrier protein receptors in the cytoplasm of the nucleus
What is the diff b/w alpha and beta islets of the pancreas?
beta = insulin
alpha = glucagon
What are the physiological effects of parathyroid?
increase calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and intestines, and increase osteoclast to increase calcium levels in the blood
What is the role of aldosterone?
increase BP by increasing water reabsorption
What happens in hypertension?
BP increases which means hydrostatic pressure of the BV also increases, glomerular filtration rates increase so you can pee, but oncotic pressure remains constant
What causes vasoconstriction?
pressures of smooth muscle in the wall of the blood vessels
Which hormones use a positive feedback system?
Oxytocin during uterine contraction at the time of birth
blood clotting
LH and estrogen in ovulaltion
Prolactin in breastfeeding
What is the role of somatostatin?
turns off growth hormone
What are the physiological effects of cortisol?
decrease glucose uptake, protein synthesis, and glycogen storage
increase protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis (breakdown of glycogen to G6P), and lipolysis
What are the physiological effects of insulin?
insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas upon feeding, singling cells to increase the uptake of glucose, and protein synthesis and store glycogen to decrease blood sugar
decreases protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis
What does an uncompetitive inhibitor do?
binds to the ES complex
Vmax and Km are both lowered
What does a noncompetitive inhibitor do?
binds to a location other than the active site
Km remains the same, Vmax decreases
What does a competitive inhibitor do?
binds reversibly to the active site
Vmax is unchanged, but Km increases
What happens when the kidneys sense low BP?
Baraorecetors in the kidneys sense low BP, and release Renin
Renin activates angiotensinogen made in the liver by cleaving it to angiotensin
ACE released by the lungs converts angiotensin I to II
Angiotensin II raises BP by activating the sympathetic system to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, vasoconstrict the arterioles, and stimulate the post. pit to release ADH
When can you apply kinematic equations?
when force and acceleration are constant or unchanging
What are the linkages of starch/glucose, glycogen, and cellulose?
starch = alpha 1,6
glycogen = alpha 1,4
cellulose = beta 1,4