PSYCH Chp. 4 Cognition, Consciousness & Language Flashcards
What is assimilation?
the process of classifying new information into existing schemata
What is accommodation?
the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information
What is Piaget’s first stage?
the sensorimotor stage starts at birth and lasts until about 2 years
What is the key milestone that ends the sensorimotor stage?
object permanence which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
What is Piaget’s second stage?
The preoperational stage lasts from 2 years to about 7 years and is characterized by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration
What is symbolic thinking?
the ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have imagination
What is egocentrism?
the inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
What is centration?
the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or the inability to understand the concern of conservation
What is Piaget’s third stage?
concrete operational stage lasts from 7 to 11 years. In this stage, the child can understand conservation and consider the perspective of others
What is Piaget’s fourth stage?
the formal operational stage starts at about 11 years of age and is marked by the ability to think logically about abstract ideas and problem-solve
What is Lev Vygotsky’s theory on education?
proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the child’s internalization of his or her culture, including interpersonal and social rules, symbols, and language
What is fluid intelligence?
problem-solving skills. Peaks in early adulthood
What is crystallized intelligence?
learned skills and knowledge. Peaks in middle adulthood
What are the symptoms of Dementia?
begins with memory impairment, but later progresses to impaired judgment confusion, and personality changes.
What are the causes of dementia?
The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s. vascular (multi-infarct) dementia is caused by high blood pressure and repeated microscopic clots in the brain are also a prevalent cause.
What is delirium?
rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical including electrolyte and pH disturbances, malnutrition, low blood sugar, infection, a drug reaction, alcohol withdrawal, and pain
What is functional fixedness?
the inability to consider how to use an object in a traditional manner
ex: Dunckers scandal problem
What is alogorithium?
a formula or procedure or solving a certain type of problem
What is the diff b/w deductive and inductive reasoning?
deductive reasoning starts from general rules and concludes the information given. inductive reasoning seeks to create a theory via generalization
What are the diff b/w confirmation bias and belief preservance?
confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on info that fits an individual’s beliefs while rejecting info that foes against them. similarly, the phenomenon of belief preservance refers to the inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
What is the base rate fallacy?
using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical info
Which parts of the brain maintain alertness?
fibers in the prefrontal cortex communicate with the reticular formation in the brainstem
What is Gardner’s multiple intelligence?
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence
When do beta waves occur?
beta waves have a high frequency and occur when a person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration