BIO Ch. 7 Circulatory System

Question 1

What type of blood is accepted in the right side of the heart?

Answer 1

deoxygenated blood returning from the body

Question 2

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

Answer 2

deoxygenated blood enters the R. Atrium –> T. Valve
–> R. Vent –> P. valve –> P. art –> lungs –> P. veins received oxygenated blood –> L. Atrium –> M.Valve –> L. Vent –> A. Valve –> aorta —> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> Vena cava –> R. Atrium

Question 3

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

Answer 3

the atrioventricular valves; the right atria is separated from the right ventricle by the tricuspid valve (3 leaflets). the left atria is separated from the left ventricle by the bicuspid/mitral valve (2 leaflets)

Question 4

What separates the ventricles from the vasculature?

Answer 4

the semilunar valves (3 leaflets); the right ventricle is separated from the pulmonary circulation by the pulmonary valve. the left ventricle is separated from the aortic by the aortic valve

Question 5

What is the purpose of heart valves?

Answer 5

to allow the pump to create pressure within the ventricles necessary to propel the blood forward while preventing backflow of the blood

Question 6

What is the pathway for electrical conduction in the heart?

Answer 6

electrical conduction starts at the SA Node –> Atria –> travels to the AV nodes through the Bundle of His, down to the Purkinje fibers, and finally down to the ventricular muscles

Question 7

What happens during systole?

Answer 7

ventricular contraction increasing pressue and closure of the AV valve occurs and blood is pumped out of the ventricles

Question 8

What happens during diastole?

Answer 8

the heart is relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed, and blood from the atrial fills the ventricles

Question 9

Describe the electrical spikes in an EKG.

Answer 9

P-wave is the right before atrial contraction
QRS complex occurs right before ventricular contraction
T-wave represents ventricular repolarization

Question 10

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 10

CO = HR * SV
HR = heart rate
SV = stroke volume

Question 11

What is the role of endothelial cells in the blood vessels?

Answer 11

release chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction, they allow WBC to pass through the vessel walls and into tissues during an inflammatory response, and they release certain chemicals when damaged that are necessary for the formation of blots to repair vessels and stop bleeding

Question 12

What are arteries?

Answer 12

arteries move blood away from the heart to the lungs. arteries carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary and umbilical arteries). arteries are thick, highly muscular structures with elasticity which allows for recoil, and greater resistance, and helps to proper blood forward

Question 13

Why does the left side of the heart have more muscles and arteries than the right side?

Answer 13

because it generates higher resistance and pressure

Question 14

Describe veins.

Answer 14

thin-walled, inelastic structures that transport blood to the heart. veins carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary and umbilical veins). they can stretch to accommodate larger volumes of blood but do not recoil due to a relatively small amount of smooth muscle

Question 14

Describe capillary vessels.

Answer 14

have a wall that is 1 endothelial cell layer making them so narrow that RBC has to pass in a single file. they also have a thin wall that allows easy diffusing of gases (O2/CO2), nutrients (glucose), and wastes (ammonia, and urea), and carry blood from arterioles to venules

Question 15

How are varicose veins formed?

Answer 15

from distended pools of blood

Question 16

What is the path of blood in the hepatic portal system?

Answer 16

blood leaving the capillary beds in the walls of the gut passes through hepatic portal veins before reaching the capillary beds in the liver

Question 17

What is the path of blood in the hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 17

blood leaving the capillary beds in the hypothalamus travels to a capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones

Question 18

What is the path of blood in the renal portal system?

Answer 18

blood leaving the glomerulus travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephrons in the vasa recta

Question 19

What is the composition of blood plasma?

Answer 19

nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

Question 20

What allows for oxygen transport in erythocytes?

Answer 20

hemoglobin - each can bind 4 oxygens

Question 21

What are the granulocytes?

Answer 21

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 22

What are the agranulocytes?

Answer 22

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 23

What are monocytes called in the blood and organs?

Answer 23

blood - monocytes
organs - marcophages; langerhan cells (in skin), microgalia (in CNS), and osteoclast (in bone)

Question 24

What arethrombocytes?

Answer 24

platelets are cell fragments released from megakaryocyte cells in bone marrow

Question 25

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 25

hormones secreted by the kidneys that stimulate many red blood cell formation

Question 26

What is thrombopoietin?

Answer 26

hormone secreted by the liver and kidney that stimulates platelet development

Question 27

What is the role of ANP?

Answer 27

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone secreted by atrial cells in the heart to aid in the loss of salt within the nephron, acting as a natural diuretic

Question 28

Describe the cooperative binding allosteric regulation of oxygen in hemoglobin

Answer 28

oxygen diffuses in the alveoli and as the first oxygen bines to a heme group, it induces a conformation shift in the shape of hemoglobin, which increases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, making it easier for subsequent oxygens to bind the remaining 3 unoccupied heme.

Question 29

Explain the allosteric effect of pH on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - Bohr effect

Answer 29

increased CO2 production will cause a right shift in the bicarbonate buffer equation, resulting in decreased pH (increased [H+] ion). the H ions bind to hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen

Question 30

What causes a right shift in the HB curve?

Answer 30

Increased CO2, increased H ions, decreased pH, increased temperature, increased 2,3 BPG (a side product of glycolysis in the RBC)

Question 31

What is the diff b/w fetal and adult HB?

Answer 31

Fetal HB has a higher affinity for oxygen than adults and therefore has a left-shift curved

Question 32

What is the diff b/w hydrostatic and osmotic pressure?

Answer 32

hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the arteriolar end of the capillary bed and is dependent on blood pressure driven by the heart and the elastic arteries. osmotic pressure pulls fluid back into the venule end of the capillary bed and is dependent on the number of particles dissolved in the plasma

Question 33

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 33

osmotic pressure due to plasma protein

Question 34

What is the purpose of sterling forces?

Answer 34

to balance hydrostatic and oncotic pressure to maintain proper fluid volume and solute concentration inside and outside the vasculature

Question 35

Describe the process of coagulation

Answer 35

when the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged, it exposes the underlying connective tissue which contains a collagen protein called tissue factor. when platelets come in contact with exposed collagen it release its content, and at the same time, the liver releases coagulation factors that initiate a cascade complex. Prothrombin is activated to form thrombin by thromboplastin. thrombin then converts fibrogen to fibrin which forms the clot and scab.

Question 36

What is the role of plasminogen?

Answer 36

it releases plasmin which breaks down clot

Question 37

What is the difference in the structure of erythrocytes from other lymphocytes?

Answer 37

they lack mitochondria, nuclei, and organelles to make room for HB. They are phagocytized every 120 days by the liver and spleen

Question 38

What happens when blood pressure is low?

Answer 38

low- aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (AHD/vasopressin) is released. high blood osmolarity also promotes ADH releases

Question 39

What is the role. ofcarbon anhydrase?

Answer 39

it catalyzes the combining CO2 and water in the bicarbonate equation/system

Question 40

What are type O blood considered universal donors?

Answer 40

because they have no surface antigen

Question 41

Where is the bundle of His located?

Answer 41

within the walls of the ventricles