SOC Chp. 10 Social Thinking

Question 1

What are the factors that influence interpersonal attraction?

Answer 1

physical characteristics, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity

Question 2

How is aggression controlled by the amygdala and prefrontal cortex?

Answer 2

The amygdala is responsible for determining if a specific situation is threatening - promotes aggression
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for controlling aggression by modulating aggression and reducing emotional reactivity

Question 3

What is reciprocal liking?

Answer 3

you like someone better when you find out they like you

Question 4

What does the cognitive neo-association model state?

Answer 4

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain

Question 5

What is Mary Ainsworth’s secure attachment?

Answer 5

when a child has a consistent, available, conforming, and responsive caregiver and can go out and explore, knowing that they have a secure base to return to

Question 6

What was the conclusion of the Harlow Monkey Experiments?

Answer 6

showed that what causes attachments b/w child and mother is a secure base

Question 7

What is Mary Ainsworth’s insecure attachment?

Answer 7

occurs when the child clings to the mother and stays with the mother and does not explore. The child becomes upset when the mother leaves, and distress is not quieted upon the mother’s return

Question 8

What is Mary Ainsworth’s avoidant attachment?

Answer 8

results when the caregiver has little to no response to the distressed child. The child then shows no preference b/w the mother and the stranger and tends not to care whether the caregiver is around or not

Question 9

What is Mary Ainsworth’s ambivalent attachment?

Answer 9

occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, as such, the child is unable to form a secure base as they cannot consistently rely on the caregiver’s response

Question 10

What is Mary Ainsworth’s anxious ambivalent attachment?

Answer 10

because of ambivalent, the child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver and thus displaces a mixed response when the caregiver is present

Question 11

What is Disorganized attachment?

Answer 11

the caregiver is absent or disorganized. The child shows an array of behavior towards the caregiver because there is no consistency.

Question 12

What is the result of Children with ambivalent and disorganized caregivers?

Answer 12

they tend to grow up with deficits in their social skills

Question 13

What are the forms of social support?

Answer 13

Emotional - empathy and listening
Esteem - affirming the qualities and skills of a person
Material/tangible - financial or material contributions
Informational - providing information that might help someone
Network - social support network that gives a sense of belonging

Question 14

What parts of the brain aid in forging?

Answer 14

the lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger, while the ventromedial hypothalamus responds to cues that we are full

Question 15

What is the difference between polygyny and polyandry?

Answer 15

polygyny - male has multiple exclusive female partners
Polyandry - female has multiple exclusive male partners

Question 16

What are the 4 components of Hawk-Dove game theory?

Answer 16

Altruism - donor provides benefits to the recipient at a cost to him or herself
Cooperative - both the donor and recipient benefit
Spite - donor and recipient are negatively impacted
Selfiness - donor benefits while the receipt is negatively impacted

Question 17

What is Fisherina (runaway) selection?

Answer 17

a particular trait that does not affect survival becomes more exaggerated over time leading to evolutionary fitness

Question 18

What is the diff b/w primacy and recency effect?

Answer 18

Primacy effect - the first impression is more important than subsequent ones
Recency effect - most recent information/interaction is most important

Question 19

What is the Halo Effect?

Answer 19

a cognitive bias in which we allow our general impression of a person to affect our judgment about that individual

Question 20

What is the just-world hypothesis?

Answer 20

essentially karma. good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people. good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished

Question 21

What is Self-serving bias?

Answer 21

we attribute our success to our own hard work, and base our failures on reasons out of our control

Question 22

What is Attribution Theory?

Answer 22

Our natural need to understand why people behave the way they do and what influences their behavior. That influence may be dispositional (personal character), or situational (external factors)

Question 23

What is Fundamental attribution error?

Answer 23

our natural tendencies to blame things on the person’s disposition instead of the situation, especially when we perceive the thing as having a negative effect

Question 24

What Is the diff b/w stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

Answer 24

stereotypes are cognitive, prejudices are negative thoughts, and discrimination is negative behaviors

Question 25

How does the self-fulling prophecy occur?

Answer 25

stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups of individuals that can create conditions that lead to confirmation of those expectations

Question 26

What are the results of Stereotype threat?

Answer 26

People are anxious or concerned about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group. Stereotype threat can reduce performance, encouraging self-handicapping strategies and lower one’s investment in an activity

Question 27

What are the 4 stereotype competencies?

Answer 27

1. Paternalistic - the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored
2. Contemptuous - the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, and anger
3. Envious - the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, and distrust
4. Admiration - the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings

Question 28

What is prejudice?

Answer 28

irrational positive or negative attitude towards a person, group, or thing, before an experience with that entity

Question 29

What is propaganda?

Answer 29

a way in which large organizations and political groups create prejudice in others through invoking fear, and exaggerating depictions of targeted group

Question 30

What are the 3 factors that create prejudice?

Answer 30

Power - the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacle, and their ability to control resources
Prestige - the level of respect shown to a person by other individuals
Class - a socioeconomic status that’s often unequal

Question 31

What is Cultural relativism?

Answer 31

perception of another culture as different from your own, but with the recognition that cultural values, mores, and rules of culture fit into the culture itself

Question 32

When does attribute substitution occur?

Answer 32

when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a similar solution

Question 33

What are the components of social perception?

Answer 33

the target, the situation, the perceiver

Question 34

What is a game theory designed to test

Answer 34

decision-making behavior

Question 35

What areas of the brain are involved in high aggression?

Answer 35

increased amygdala activity, and decreased prefrontal cortex activity

Question 36

What is phenotypic benefit?

Answer 36

observed traits in an individual that make them more attractive to the opposite sex.

Question 37

What is inclusive fitness of evolutionary psychology?

Answer 37

a measure of the number of offspring an individual has, how they support their offspring, and how their offspring can support others. it promotes the idea that altruistic behaviors can improve the fitness and success of species