Short term control of blood pressure

Question 1

what is the function of elastic arteries

Answer 1

they give rise to medium sized vessels known as muscular arteries

Question 2

what is the function of resistance vessels

Answer 2

they contribute significantly to the creation of the resistance to flow and regulation of blood flow

Question 3

what is the valsalva manoeuvre

Answer 3

the action of attempting to exhale with nostrils and mouth closed

Question 4

what is the function of the cardiovascular system

Answer 4

to circulate blood through a network of vessels throughout the body to provide individual cells with oxygen and nutrients and help dispose of metabolic wastes

Question 5

why is the cardiovascular system important

Answer 5

circulates oxygen
removes carbon dioxide
provides cells with nutrients

Question 6

what is the arterial baroreceptor reflex

Answer 6

it is the reflex mechanism by which baroreceptors regulate blood pressure that include transmission of nerve impulses from the baroreceptors to the medulla in response to a change in blood pressure and that produces vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate when blood pressure increases and vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate when blood pressure decreases

Question 7

what is the arterial baroreflex

Answer 7

it is a reflex mechanism

Question 8

what do baroreceptors regulate

Answer 8

blood pressure

Question 9

how do baroreceptors regulate blood pressure

Answer 9

nerve impulses are transmitted from the baroreceptors to the medulla in response to a change in blood pressure

Question 10

how do baroreceptors respond to an increase in blood pressure

Answer 10

they produce vasodilation

decrease in heart rate

Question 11

how do baroreceptors respond to a decrease in blood pressure

Answer 11

they produce vasoconstriction

increase in heart rate

Question 12

what is the mean arterial pressure equal to

Answer 12

cardiac output multiplied by the total peripheral resistance

Question 13

what is the pressure inside your aorta dependant on

Answer 13

the amount of blood being pushed into it - the cardiac output
how easy it is for your blood to get out of it - the total peripheral resistance

Question 14

what is the driving force pushing blood through the circulation

Answer 14

the mean arterial pressure

Question 15

what is a consequence of too low mean arterial pressure

Answer 15

fainting

syncope

Question 16

what is a consequence of too high mean arterial pressure

Answer 16

hypertension - there can then complications with heart failure

Question 17

what is the role of baroreceptors

Answer 17

they detect pressure
the sense pressure changes
sense general pressure
they are stretch receptors

Question 18

where are baroreceptors located

Answer 18

there is one set in the aortic arch and another set in the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries

Question 19

with regards to the aortic arch baroreceptors where do the axons travel up

Answer 19

the vagus nerve

Question 20

what is the effect of standing on blood pressure

Answer 20

standing can result in
increase hydrostatic pressure
causing pooling of blood in veins and venules of the feet and the legs
reduced end diastolic volume
reduced preload
reduced stroke volume
reduced cardiac output
reduced mean arterial pressure
reduced baroreceptor firing rate
reduced blood pressure

Question 21

what is the response to increase the pressure when standing

Answer 21

the reflex response
reduced vagal tone
increased heart rate
increased cardiac output

increased sympathetic tone
increased heart rate
increased cardiac output
increased contractility
increased stroke volume
increased venoconstriction
increased venous return
increased end diastolic volume
increased total peripheral resistance

Question 22

what is the result of the valsalva manoeuvre

Answer 22

increased thoracic pressure
reduced venous return
reduced end diastolic volume
reduced stroke volume
reduced cardiac output
reduced mean arterial pressure

Question 23

what is reduced mean arterial pressure detected by

Answer 23

baroreceptors, which initiate the reflex response resulting in increased cardiac output and increased total peripheral resistance

Question 24

state 5 inputs to the medullary cardiovascular centres

Answer 24

cardiopulmonary baroreceptors
central chemoreceptors
chemoreceptors in muscle
joint receptors
higher centres

Question 25

what are the medullary cardiovascular centres

Answer 25

they are part of the human brain found in the medulla oblongata
they are responsible for the regulation of the rate at which the heart beats through the nervous system and endocrine system

Question 26

what are cardiobaroreceptors

Answer 26

they are stretch receptors that respond to blood volume

Question 27

where are cardiobaroreceptors located

Answer 27

in low pressure bits of the circulation, e.g. walls of the atria, walls of vessels of the lungs

Question 28

when are cardiobaroreceptors activated

Answer 28

when there is a lot of blood and high pressure, they signal a high blood pressure

Question 29

what do central chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 29

carbon dioxide partial pressure mainly

Question 30

what do central chemoreceptors stimulate

Answer 30

the respiratory drive

they make you breathe harder and faster and get rid of the carbon dioxide and get more oxygen

they increase heart rate and stroke volume

Question 31

when are the chemoreceptors in muscle activated

Answer 31

when the muscle is active, the chemoreceptors increase the cardiovascular pressure response

Question 32

what do joint receptors trigger

Answer 32

an increase in blood pressure