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Cardiovascular system > Long term control of blood pressure > Flashcards

Long term control of blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

what does regulation of blood pressure in the long term revolve around

A

blood volume

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2
Q

what is it that effects blood pressure in the long-term

A

hormones

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3
Q

what does not regulate blood pressure in the long term

A

arterial baroreceptors

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4
Q

what are the main sensors of pressure in the long term regulation of blood pressure

A

the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors

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5
Q

state 3 hormone systems that regulate blood pressure in the long term

A

the renin angiotensin aldosterone system
the vasopressin hormone system
the atrial natriuretic factor hormone system

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6
Q

how does the renin angiotensin aldosterone system regulates blood pressure in the long term

A

angiotensin II is a hormone that causes arteriolar constriction
total peripheral resistance increases
the hormone aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption
the plasma volume increases

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7
Q

describe how the hormone vasopressin regulates blood pressure in the long term

A

vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone that causes arteriolar constriction
total peripheral resistance increases
water permeability of the collecting duct increases
plasma volume increases

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8
Q

describe how the atrial natriuretic factor regulates blood pressure in the long term

A

it is a hormone that causes arteriolar dilation
total peripheral resistance decreases
sodium excretion increases
blood volume therefore decreases

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9
Q

what is the kidneys response when blood pressure increases

A

extra water and salts are extracted into the urine, causing blood volume and pressure to fall, special nerve pathways mean the brain can also regulate urine production and hence influence blood pressure

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10
Q

what does activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system cause in relation to the kidneys

A

it causes sodium retention by the kidneys to increase

which leads to reduced water loss into the urine and therefore blood volume expansion

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11
Q

when does renin angiotensin aldosterone activation occur

A

during heart failure, which leads to fluid retention in the body

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12
Q

the renin angiotensin system regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body - how does this relate to the kidneys

A

when blood volume or sodium levels in the body are low, or blood potassium is high, cells in the kidney release the enzyme renin

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13
Q

what does the long term control of blood pressure resolve around

A

the control of plasma volume of the kidney

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14
Q

what is long term control blood pressure not mediated by

A

the arterial baroreflex

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15
Q

what are kidneys made up of

A

nephrons

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16
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular

A

it is denoting a group of structures secreting regulatory hormones into the arteriole which leads into a glomerulus in the kidney

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17
Q

where is renin secreted from

A

the juxtaglomerular kidney cells, which sense changes in renal perfusion pressure, via stretch receptors in the vascular walls

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18
Q

what also stimulates juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

A

signalling from the macula densa

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19
Q

what is the role of the angio tennis converting enzyme

A

it converts the hormone angiotensin 1 to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin 2

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20
Q

what is the role of the antidiuretic hormone

A

it acts to maintain blood pressure, blood volume and tissue water content through controlling the amount of water and hence the concentration of urine excreted by the kidneys

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21
Q

how does the antidiuretic hormone help control blood pressure

A

by acting on the kidneys and the blood

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22
Q

what secretes the atrial natriuretic peptide hormone

A

myocytes of the cardiac atria

23
Q

what does the atrial natriuretic peptide hormone promote

A

salt and water excretion and lowers blood pressure

24
Q

what are the main physiological actions of natriuretic peptides

A

reduce arterial pressure by decreasing blood volume and systemic vascular resistance

25
Q

what is Goldblatt kidney

A

it is a condition of the kidney in which a constriction of the renal artery causes renal ischaemia and the release of renin which would cause hypertension

26
Q

what does long term control of blood pressure revolve around if it is not mediated by the arterial baroreflex

A

the control of plasma by the kidney, effectively how much plasma you are squeezing into the cardiovascular system

27
Q

what does high plasma volume relate to

A

high blood pressure

28
Q

what does low plasma volume relate to

A

low blood pressure

29
Q

what are the 3 hormone systems that the kidney listens to

A

the renin angiotensin aldosterone system
the antidiuretic factor - the vasopressin hormone
the atrial and brain natriuretic peptides

30
Q

state 5 functions of the kidneys

A 
excretion of waste products
maintenance of ion balance
regulation of p
regulation of osmolarity
regulation of plasma volume
31
Q

what is used to regulate mean arterial pressure in relation to the kidneys

A

it is the kidney’s regulation and control of plasma volume that is used to regulate mean arterial pressure

32
Q

what does the control over sodium transport by the kidneys determine

A

the osmotic gradient

33
Q

what does the control over the permeability of the collecting duct to water by the kidneys determine

A

whether the water is following to the osmotic gradient or not

34
Q

what does the kidney modulation of sodium transport affect

A

the osmotic gradient

35
Q

what does the kidneys making the collecting duct very permeable to water result in

A

lots of water reabsorption
little urine
conservation of plasma volume

36
Q

what does the kidneys making the collecting duct very impermeable to water result in

A

little reabsorption
lots of urine
reduction in plasma volume

37
Q

where does renin come from?

A

the juxtaglomerular of the kidney - the granule cells

38
Q

state 3 things that trigger renin production

A

activation of sympathetic nerves to the juxtaglomerular apparatus
the renal baroreflex
decreased delivery of sodium and/or chlorine through the tubule

39
Q

what is the role of renin

A

the enzyme converts inactive angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1,

angiotensin 1 is then converted by the angiotensin converting enzyme to angiotensin 2

40
Q

what synthesises the antidiuretic hormone

A

the hypothalamus

41
Q

what releases the antidiuretic hormone

A

the posterior pituitary

42
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone release result in

A

decrease in blood volume
increase in osmolarity of interstitial fluid
circulating angiotensin II

43
Q

what is the role of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in relation to hormone release

A

they sense a decrease in blood pressure resulting in antidiuretic hormone release

44
Q

what is the role of osmoreceptors in relation to hormone release

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense an increase in osmolarity of the interstitial fluid resulting in antidiuretic hormone release

45
Q

what is the role of the circulating angiotensin 2 hormone in relation to antidiuretic hormone release

A

the renin angiotensin aldosterone system results in the circulatory hormone angiotensin 2 which results in antidiuretic hormone release

46
Q

what is the role of the antidiuretic hormone

A 
increase in permeability of the collecting duct to water
reduction of diuresis
increase in plasma volume
causes vasoconstriction
increases in mean arterial pressure
47
Q

what is another name for the antidiuretic hormone

A

vasopressin

48
Q

where is the atrial natriuretic peptide produced and released from

A

myocardial cells in the atria

49
Q

where is the brain natriuretic peptide produced and released from

A

myocardial cells in the ventricles

50
Q

what triggers the release of atrial natriuretic peptides

A

increased distension of the atria

51
Q

what triggers the release of brain natriuretic peptides

A

increased distension of ventricles

52
Q

what is the roles of the atrial and brain natriuretic peptides

A

increase sodium excretion
inhibition of the release of renin
to act on medullary cardiovascular centres
to reduce mean arterial pressure

53
Q

describe plasma volume in space

A

sustained residence in space fools the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors that there is high plasma volume, in space these cardiopulmonary baroreceptors trigger a reduction in plasma volume

54
Q

state 5 drug treatments for hypertension

A 
calcium channel blockers
beta adrenoceptor antagonists
thiazide diuretics
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
angiotensin 2 antagonists

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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