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Cardiovascular system > Aneurysms & Carotid Artery Surgery > Flashcards

Aneurysms & Carotid Artery Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

it is a localised, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall that causes an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon

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2
Q

what are aneurysms a result of

A

a weakened blood vessel wall, aneurysms may also be a result of a hereditary condition of an acquired disease

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3
Q

state 3 causes of aneurysm disease

A

degenerative disease
connective tissue disease - Marfan’s syndrome
infection

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4
Q

what are risk factors for degenerative aortic abdominal aortic aneurysm disease

A 
male sex
age
smoking
hypertension
family history
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5
Q

what is the prevalence of aneurysm disease in the UK

A

3%

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6
Q

what is the presentation of symptomatic aneurysm disease

A

impending rupture:
increasing back pain
tender abdominal aortic aneurysm

rupture
abdominal pain
back pain
flank pain
painful pulsatile mass
haemodynamic instibiltiy
hypo-perfusion
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7
Q

what is abdominal aortic aneurysm screening

A

it is a way of checking if there is a bulge or swelling in the aorta, this bulge or swelling is called an abdominal aortic aneurysm

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8
Q

what is endovascular aneurysm repair

A

it is a type of endovascular surgery used to treat pathology of the aorta, most commonly an abdominal aortic aneurysm

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9
Q

describe general complications of open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms

A

wound infection
bleeding
pain
scar

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10
Q

describe technial complications of open repair treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A 
damage to the bowel, ureters, veins, nerves
incisional hernia
graft infection
distal emboli
renal failure
colonic ischaemia
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11
Q

describe patient factor complications of open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A 
DVT
PE
MI
stroke
death
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12
Q

describe general complications of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms

A 
wound infection
bleeding
pain
scar
radiation
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13
Q

describe technical complications of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms

A 
endoleak
femoral artery dissection
rupture
colonic ischaemia
damage to femoral vein
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14
Q

describe patient factor complications of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms

A 
DVT
PE
MI
stroke
death
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15
Q

what is endoleak

A

it is persistent blood flow in the aneurysm sac extrinsic to the endograft and is the most common complication after endovascular aneurysm repair

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16
Q

what is atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries associated with

A

transient ischaemic attacks and ischaemic stroke

17
Q

what is an transient ischaemic attack

A

it is a focal central nervous system disturbance caused by vascular events such as micro emboli and occlusion, leading to cerebral ischaemia

18
Q

how long do symptoms last for transient ischaemic attack

A

symptoms last less than 24 hours and there are no permanent neurological sequelae

19
Q

state 3 causes of stroke

A

cerebral infarction
primary intracerebral haemorrhage
subarachnoid haemorrhage

20
Q

describe a carotid ultrasound

A

it is an imaging technique which uses sound waves to produce pictures of the carotid arteries in the neck which carry blood from the heart to the brain

21
Q

describe a doppler sound study

A

it is a technique that evaluates blood flow through a blood vessel

22
Q

what is Poiseuille’s law

A

it is a statement in physics

23
Q

what does Poiseuille’s law state

A

the velocity of the steady flow of a fluid through a narrow tube varies directly as the pressure and the fourth power of the radius of the tube and inversely as the length of the tube and coefficient of viscosity

24
Q

basically describe Poiseuille’s law in relation to vessel radius, resistance to flow and viscosity

A

as the radius of a vessel decreases (i.e. stenosis), velocity increases

25
Q

what is a stent

A

a short narrow metal or plastic tube often in the form of a mesh that is inserted into the lumen of an anatomical vessel especially to keep a previously blocked passageway open, the anatomical vessels include an artery or a bile duct

26
Q

what is carotid endarterectomy

A

it is a surgical procedure used to reduce the risk of stroke by correcting stenosis in the common carotid artery or internal carotid artery

27
Q

what can rupture of plaque cause

A

the formation of a blood clot in the artery

28
Q

describe carotid endarterectomy

A

it is the removal of material on the inside of an artery

29
Q

when carotid endarterectomies carried out

A

when one or both carotid arteries become narrowed because of the build up of fatty deposits - plaques

30
Q

what are the strengths of carotid endarterectomy

A 
reduces risk of additional stroke
reduces risk of first time stroke
safe procedure
the procedure has durable outcomes
postoperative lifestyle changes
some positive lifestyle changes may include
controlling high blood pressure
keeping cholesterol under control
exercising regularly
eating a healthy diet
losing excess weight
31
Q

what are the 2 main risks associated with carotid endarterectomy

A

stroke and death

32
Q

what are complications after having carotid endarterectomy

A 
pain or numbers at the wound site
bleeding at the site of the wound
wound infection
nerve damage
narrowing of the carotid artery again - restenosis
33
Q

what is arterial occlusive disease

A

obstruction of a major artery, resulting in ischaemia distal to the obstruction

34
Q

what does arterial occlusive disease usually refer to

A

the popliteal, femoral or innominate arteries

35
Q

describe the presentation of arterial occlusive disease

A 
mottling
pallor
coolness
paralysis of the affected limb
pulselessness
sudden pain of affected limb
36
Q

what is aneurysmal disease also known as

A

aneurysmal arterial disease

37
Q

what is aneurysmal disease

A

it is a slow progressive process during which arteries lose their resilience and become less durable

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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