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Cardiovascular system > Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis and Pericarditis > Flashcards

Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis and Pericarditis Flashcards

1
Q

what is cardiomyopathy?

A

it is disease of the heart muscle which affects its size, shape and structure

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2
Q

state 2 common cardiomyopathies

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

dilated cardiomyopathy

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3
Q

basically describe cardiomyopathy

A

diseased heart muscle that cannot contract adequately

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4
Q

what does cardiomyopathy result in

A

the failure of the heart muscle to meet the needs of the body for oxygen rich blood and removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products

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5
Q

what is the consequence of the heart in cardiomyopathy

A

the heart is weak and cannot maintain a normal ejection fraction or cardiac output

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6
Q

what are the 3 main types of inherited cardiomyopathy

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
dilated cardiomyopathy
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

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7
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

it is a condition in which a portion of the heart becomes thickened without an obvious cause

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8
Q

what does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy result in

A

the heart being less able to pump blood effectively

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9
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by

A

it is caused by a change or mutation in one or more genes

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10
Q

what is the chance of a child of someone with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy inheriting the condition

A

50%

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11
Q

what are common symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A 
shortness of breath
chest pain
palpitation
light headedness
fainting
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12
Q

what determines how the symptoms affect you

A

the area of the myocardium affected and the degree of stiffening of the myocardium

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13
Q

what are common tests of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A 
ECG
ECHO
exercise test
MRI
genetic testing - as it is an inherited condition
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14
Q

is there a cure of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

no

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15
Q

what does treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy depend on

A

how your heart is affected and your symptoms

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16
Q

what is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

it is a disease to your heart muscle where it becomes stretched and thin, meaning that the heart is unable to pump blood around the body

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17
Q

what is dilated cardiomyopathy caused by?

A

a change or mutation in one or more genes

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18
Q

if your present with dilated cardiomyopathy, what is the chance that your child will inherit the condition

A

50%

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19
Q

apart from being caused genetically, what else caused dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
viral infections
uncontrolled hypertension
problems with your heart valves
excessive amounts of alcohol
pregnancy
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20
Q

describe dilated cardiomyopathy

A

the myocardium becomes weak, thin or floppy and is unable to pump blood around the body efficiently

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21
Q

what can dilated cardiomyopathy lead to

A

heart failure, it can lead to fluid building up in the lungs, ankles, abdomen and other organs of the body

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22
Q

what are the most common symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

shortness of breath
swelling of the ankles and abdomen
excessive tiredness
palpitations

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23
Q

what are common tests of dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
ECG - records electrical activity of the heart
ECHO
exercise test
angiogram
MRI
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24
Q

is there a cure for dilated cardiomyopathy

A

no

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25
Q

what does treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy depend on

A

the myocardium affected and presenting symptoms

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26
Q

state conditions that can develop as a result of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

abnormal heart rhythms
arrhythmia
blood clots
chest pain

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27
Q

describe treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

medicines to control blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms or other symptoms
pacemaker - to control your heart rate
ICD

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28
Q

what is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

it is a rare disease of the myocardium, it is an inherited condition

29
Q

what is a arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by

A

a change or mutation in one or more genes

30
Q

what are the chances of inheriting arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

your chances vary,

you might inherit the mutation however you may not develop the condition

31
Q

how are cells of the myocardium normally held together

A

by proteins

32
Q

describe the cells of the myocardium in people with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

the proteins that normally hold the cells together do not develop properly and so cannot keep the heart muscle cells together, the cells become detached and fatty deposits build up in an attempt to repair the damage

33
Q

what side does arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy usually affect

A

the myocardium of the right side

34
Q

what do the changes in the myocardium mean

A

the heart doesn’t pump blood around your body properly

35
Q

what can arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy cause

A

abnormal heart rhythms

your heart’s normal electrical impulses are disrupted as they pass through the areas of damaged and scarred muscle cells

36
Q

what are the 4 phases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

concealed phase
overt phase
weakening of the right ventricle
weakening of the left ventricle

37
Q

will everyone develop the phases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

no

38
Q

describe the concealed phase of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

small changes in the right ventricle

39
Q

describe the overt phase of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

noticeable structural changes to the myocardium, these changes affect the pumping action of the heart, cause abnormal heart rhythms

40
Q

describe the weakening of the right ventricle phase of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

the right ventricle becomes stretched, and the pumping action becomes weaker

41
Q

describe the weakening of the left ventricle phase of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

the left ventricle now also becomes affected, and the pumping action of both the ventricles becomes weaker

42
Q

what are symptoms of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A 
palpitations
lightheadedness
fainting
breathlessness
abnormal heart rhythms
swollen ankles or legs
swelling of the abdomen
risk of sudden death on exertion
43
Q

what are common tests of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

ECG - records the electrical activity of the heart
ECHO - shows the pumping action of your heart
exercise test
signal averaged ECG
MRI

44
Q

what are 3 aims of treatment of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

to identify those at risk of sudden cardiac death
to prevent or control arrhythmias
to improve the pumping action of the heart muscle

45
Q

is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy curable

A

no

46
Q

how are symptoms of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy controlled

A

mostly through medicines, although you may undergo treatments such as cardioversion or catheter ablation

47
Q

can cardiomyopathy be reversed or cured

A

no

48
Q

describe medicines for cardiomyopathy

A

medicines to treat hypertension, prevent water retention, keep the heart beating with a normal rhythm, prevent blood clots and reduce inflammation

49
Q

describe the genetics of cardiomyopathy

A

it is the most common familial heart disease with vast genetic heterogeneity

mutations in 11 or more genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere are responsible for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is attributed to mutations in one of a number of genes that encode for the sarcomere proteins

50
Q

what is myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart muscle

51
Q

what are the causes of myocarditis

A

many viruses

contagious diseases

cocaine use

52
Q

what are the most common viruses that cause myocarditis

A

those associated with upper respiratory tract infections

53
Q

state a contagious disease that can cause myocarditis

A

Lyme disease

54
Q

what can myocarditis rarely be caused by

A

cocaine use

55
Q

what is the most common symptom of myocarditis

A

shortness of breath during exercise or exertion

56
Q

what are other symptoms of myocarditis

A 
fatigue
heart palpitations
chest pain
chest pressure
leg swelling
sudden loss of consciousness
abnormal heart rhythms
shortness of breath
lightheadedness
irregular heartbeat
57
Q

what are the symptoms of the majority of cases of myocarditis

A

the majority of cases of myocarditis have no symptoms and are not diagnosed

58
Q

what are common tests for myocarditis

A 
ECG
CXR
ECHO
MRI
heart biopsy
59
Q

what is medication is myocarditis commonly treated with

A

medications used to treat heart failure

60
Q

what is recommended for someone with myocarditis

A

rest and a low salt diet

61
Q

what may be used to reduce heart inflammation

A

steroids and other medications

62
Q

why may additional medications, a pacemaker or even a defibrillator be required

A

if an abnormal heart rhythm is present

63
Q

what is the pericardium

A

it is a protective fluid filled sac around the heart

64
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

swelling of the pericardium

65
Q

what does pericarditis cause

A

chest pain and fever

66
Q

what are common tests for pericarditis

A

blood tests
CXR
ECG
ECHO

67
Q

what causes pericarditis

A

it is difficult to confirm the exact cause of pericarditis, but usually a viral infection

68
Q

what does pericarditis often occur

A

after a viral infection, such as a sore throat or cold

69
Q

describe the treatment of pericarditis

A

anti-inflammatory painkillers prescribed generally

should feel better within 1-2 weeks

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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