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Cardiovascular system > Pathophysiology of atheroma > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of atheroma Flashcards

1
Q

define atheroma

A

it is a reversible accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of an artery wall

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2
Q

what does the material in an atheroma consist of

A

mostly macrophage cells, or debris, containing lipids, calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue

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3
Q

what is atheroma essentially

A

the degradation of the walls of the arteries caused by accumulated fatty deposits and scar tissue

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4
Q

what does atheroma lead to

A

restriction of the circulation and a risk of thrombosis

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5
Q

what can atheroma be basically classed as

A

the fat material which forms deposits in the arteries

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6
Q

what coronary arterial disease

A

coronary heart disease is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries

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7
Q

what is the role again of the coronary arteries

A

they supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle

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8
Q

what is the role of atheroma in coronary arterial disease

A

when plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis

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9
Q

when does the build up of plaque occur

A

over many years

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10
Q

what is cerebrovascular disease

A

it is a disease of the blood vessels, especially the arteries that supply the brain

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11
Q

what is the role of atheroma in cerebrovascular arterial disease

A

cerebrovascular disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis and can lead to stroke

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12
Q

what is peripheral artery disease

A

it is a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to your limbs

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13
Q

what occurs when you develop peripheral arterial disease

A

your extremities, usually your legs, don’t receive enough blood flow to keep up with demand

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14
Q

what is the role of atheroma in peripheral arterial disease

A

peripheral arterial disease happens when your arteries become narrowed by a gradual build-up of fatty material within their walls

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15
Q

what arteries are affected in peripheral arterial disease

A

it is nearly always the arteries in the lower part of the body, such as the legs, that are affected

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16
Q

what is hyperlipidaemia

A

it is a disorder characterised by an abnormally high concentration of fats or lipids in the blood

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17
Q

what are the 2 major types of lipids found in the blood

A

triglycerides and cholesterol

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18
Q

when is the lipid triglyceride made

A

when your body stores the extra calories it doesn’t need for energy

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19
Q

what is cholesterol

A

it is a lipid and is vital for the normal functioning of the body

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20
Q

where is cholesterol made and found

A

it is made by the liver but can also be found in some foods

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21
Q

what are the symptoms of hyperlipidaemia

A

most people will have no symptoms

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22
Q

what is a complication of having hyperlipidaemia

A

having this disorder increases the risk of developing heart disease, it is a major risk factor

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23
Q

what is the way to detect hyperlipidaemia

A

your doctor must perform a blood test called a lipid panel or a lipid profile, this is the only way to detect it

24
Q

what is a lipid panel

A

it is a test that determines your cholesterol levels

25
Q

what is considered high cholesterol levels

A

above 200mg per deciliter

26
Q

what will your doctor use to make a hyperlipidaemia diagnosis

A

your lipid panel

27
Q

what is atherogenesis

A

it is the process of forming atheroma, plaques in the inner lining of arteries

28
Q

what is atherogenesis essentially

A

a disorder of the artery wall

29
Q

what are atheromatous plaques

A

fatty deposits in the inner lining of an artery, resulting from atherosclerosis

30
Q

what are atheromatous plaques also called

A

atheromas

31
Q

what are the components of atheromatous plaques

A

plaques are made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in blood

32
Q

what is the core of atheromatous plaques consisting of

A

lipid-laden cells with elevated tissue cholesterol and cholesterol ester content, fibrin, proteoglycans, collagen, elastin and cellular debris

33
Q

what may atherosclerosis may be a result of

A

a specialised chronic inflammatory fibroproliferative process

34
Q

what do monocytes and lymphocytes adhere to?

A

the endothelial cell surface

35
Q

where to monocytes migrate to?

A

the sub endothelial space

36
Q

what do monocytes differentiate into

A

macrophages

37
Q

what does the ingestion of low density lipoproteins and modified or oxidised low density lipoproteins by macrophages lead to

A

the accumulation of cholesterol esters and formation of foam cells

38
Q

what do the foam cells form with the T lymphocytes?

A

the fatty streak

39
Q

describe the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells

A

vascular smooth muscle cells migrate from the media into the intima

40
Q

when do the vascular smooth muscle cells proliferate

A

with the formation of the atherosclerotic plaques

41
Q

what are the processes in atherogenesis regulated by

A

a complex network/cascade of cytokines and growth regulatory peptides

42
Q

what do the processes of atherogenesis involve

A 
cell adhesion
migration
differentiation
proliferation
cell interaction with the extracellular matrix
43
Q

define an atheroma again

A

the formation of plaques in intima of large and medium-sized arteries

44
Q

what are serious consequences of atheroma

A

angina due to myocardial ischaemia

45
Q

what is atheroma complicated by

A

thromboembolism

46
Q

what does the narrowing of the lumen in the coronary arteries from the atheromatous plaques lead to

A

ischaemia

47
Q

where is atheroma

A

it is in the intima layer of the artery wall

48
Q

what are complications of atheroma

A

haemorrhage into plaque
plaque rupture
thrombosis

49
Q

what can also form on the plaque

A

thrombosis

50
Q

what is the most important risk factor of atheroma

A

hypercholesterolaemia

51
Q

what are risk factor for atheroma

A 
smoking
hypertension
diabetes mellitus
male
elderly
52
Q

what are less strong risk factors of atheroma

A

obesity
sedentary lifestyle
low socioeconomic status
low birthweight

53
Q

what are the preventative and therapeutic approaches of atheroma

A 
stop smoking
control blood pressure
weight loss
regular exercise
dietary modifications
54
Q

what are the secondary preventions of atheroma

A

cholesterol lowering drugs

aspirin

55
Q

what is other therapy of atheroma

A

surgical options

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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