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Cardiovascular system > Pressure & flow in arteries & veins > Flashcards

Pressure & flow in arteries & veins Flashcards

1
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

it is the blood pressure when the heart is contracting

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2
Q

what is systolic pressure specifically

A

the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

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3
Q

what is systole

A

the time at which ventricular contraction occurs

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4
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

it is specifically the minimum arterial pressure during the relaxation and dilation of the ventricles of the heart when the ventricle fill with blood

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5
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

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6
Q

what is pulse pressure measured in

A

mmHg

millimetres of mercury

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7
Q

what does the pulse pressure represent

A

the force that the heart generates each time it contracts

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8
Q

what is resting normal blood pressure

A

120/80mmHg, then the pulse pressure is 40mmHg

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9
Q

what are Korotkoff sounds

A

arterial sounds heard though a stethoscope applied to the brachial artery distal to the cuff of a sphygmomanometer that change with varying cuff pressure

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10
Q

what are Korotkoff sounds used for

A

determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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11
Q

what is hearing kormokoff sounds used as a common method for

A

noninvasive measurement of blood pressure in adults

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12
Q

when is systolic blood pressure taken in relation to listening to korotkoff sounds

A

it is taken to be the pressure at which the first korotkoff sound is heard

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13
Q

what makes up the vascular tree

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

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14
Q

during the ejection phase what are the ventricles doing

A

contracting and pushing the blood out of the aortic valve

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15
Q

describe the maintenance of pressure in arteries during the ejection phase

A
  • push of blood out the aortic valve
  • elastic walls of the aorta swell
  • the swelling absorbs energy
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16
Q

describe pressure in relation to the aorta

A

the aorta is an elastic artery
it damps down pressure
it controls pressure varyingly
this artery stops pressure getting too high or too low during diastole

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17
Q

describe the maintenance of pressure in arteries during the relaxation phase

A

ventricles fill
the aortic valve is shut
the elastic energy is released from the walls of the aorta
maintaining the pressure

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18
Q

in systemic circulation, what is the pressure wave affected by

A

stroke volume
velocity of ejection
elasticity of arteries
total peripheral resistance

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19
Q

what is normal arterial pressure equal to

A

120/80mmHg

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20
Q

interns of systemic circulation, what is the relationship of pressure and the vascular tree

A

pressure falls throughout the vascular tree

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21
Q

what is pressure like through arteries

A

small pressure, low pressure

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22
Q

what is pressure like through the arterioles

A

pressure is greater as arterioles are resistance vessels

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23
Q

what is pressure like through capillaries

A

pressure is already low when blood gets to the capillaries - this is good as capillaries are thin-walled

24
Q

what is the systemic filling pressure

A

the very small pressure gradient that is left to push blood back through the veins

25
Q

what must total flow through your arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins be

A

it must all be the same

26
Q

what must the velocity of blood flow be through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

A

it is not all the same

velocity changes in each of the vessels

27
Q

what does the velocity in blood vessels relate to

A

the total cross sectional area of the particular blood vessel

28
Q

what does the velocity of blood flow depend on

A

the total cross sectional area of vessels

29
Q

describe total cross sectional area of the aorta

A

the aorta has a big diameter
however there is only one aorta
therefore the total cross sectional area is very small

30
Q

describe the total cross sectional area of capillary vessels

A

capillaries have small diameters, tiny in fact
however there are thousands of capillaries
which makes the total cross sectional area large
5000cm squared in fact

31
Q

describe blood flow through different total cross sectional areas

A

blood flow is fastest through the aorta due to the aorta having a small total cross sectional area

blood flow is the slowest through the capillaries as the capillary vessels have the greatest total cross sectional area

32
Q

when does blood flow speed up again following it flowing through the capillaries

A

blood flow speeds up again going through the vena cava

33
Q

describe the pressure in veins

A

the pressure is low
there is a small pressure gradient pushing the blood from the venules to the veins to the heart
20mmHg

34
Q

describe why the pressure in the veins may be so small

A

because these vessels are thin walled, there is not much smooth muscle, therefore these vessels collapse and are distensible very easily, these vessels are very susceptible to external influences

35
Q

state 5 things that affect venous pressure and venous return

A 
gravity
the skeletal muscle pump
the respiratory pump
venomotor tone
systemic filling pressure
36
Q

does gravity affect the driving pressure from arteries to the veins

A

no

37
Q

does gravity make it more difficult for the blood to get back to the heart

A

no

38
Q

what can gravity cause

A

venous distention in the legs and venous collapse in the neck

39
Q

describe the result of gravity causing venous retention in the legs

A 
reduced end diastolic volume
decreased preload
weaker contraction
reduced stroke volume
reduced cardiac output
reduced mean arterial pressure
result in orthostatic hypotension
40
Q

what is the result in gravity causing venous collapse in the neck

A

your central venous pressure can resultantly be estimated

41
Q

what is the skeletal muscle pump

A

it is a collection of skeletal muscles that aid the heart in circulation of the blood

42
Q

what is the importance of the skeletal muscle pump

A

it is important in increasing venous return to the heart

it plays an important role in arterial blood flow

43
Q

what is the role of peripheral vein valves

A

they stop the blood going backwards, pushing the blood towards the heart

44
Q

describe the effect on veins from the constriction of skeletal muscles

A

the squeeze capacitance of blood that is in the veins in the skeletal muscle back towards the heart, increasing venous return

45
Q

what does the skeletal muscle pump’s effect on the veins have significance for

A

rhythmic exercise
static exercise
hot guardsmen - not using pump
deep vein thrombosis varicose veins

46
Q

how is sustained contraction of skeletal muscle not good

A

it stops blood getting through the veins back to the heart

47
Q

describe how the respiratory pump effects the blood flow through veins

A 
the faster you breathe in
the deeper you breathe in
the more you encourage venous return
the more blood back to the heart
increase in your end diastolic volume
think about exercise

the respiratory pump is one of the things that maintains end diastolic volume

48
Q

describe how inhalation effects venous return

A

inspirations tends to draw blood back to the heart

inhalation increases venous return

49
Q

describe how venomotor tone effects the blood flow through veins

A

activation of smooth muscle around the veins squeezes the blood towards the heart

venomotor tone mobiles the capacitance of veins

the squeeze of the smooth muscle pushes the blood back to the heart, increasing end diastolic volume

50
Q

what is venomotor tone

A

is is a state of contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the venules and veins

51
Q

describe venomotor tone

A

it is the degree of tension in the muscle coat of a vein that determines the shape of the vein

52
Q

what is result of changes in venomotor tone

A

the capacity of veins is altered

53
Q

state 3 things that help maintain/increase end diastolic volume

A

the skeletal muscle pump
the respiratory pump
venomotor tone

54
Q

what is the major thing that is driving blood through your venules and veins to the heart?

A

your systemic filling pressure

55
Q

what is arterial pressure measured by

A

Korotkoff sounds

56
Q

what can estimated by jugular collapse

A

your central venous pressure

57
Q

what does gravity cause

A

collapse of the jugular vein

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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