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Cardiovascular system > Pathophysiology of thrombosis & embolism > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of thrombosis & embolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is embolism

A

an obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or air bubble

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2
Q

state 4 factors causing embolism

A

high blood pressure
atherosclerosis
high cholesterol
thrombosis

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3
Q

what is thrombosis

A

local coagulation in a part of the circulatory system

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4
Q

describe thrombosis

A

clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system

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5
Q

describe the process of thrombosis

A

it is the process of a blood clot forming in a blood vessel, this blood clot can be described as a thrombus

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6
Q

what is a thrombus

A

it is a blood clot formed in situ within the vascular system of the body and impedes blood flow

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7
Q

what is the result of a clot formed in a blood vessel in thrombosis

A

this clot can block or obstruct blood flow in the affected area, as well as cause serious complications if the clot moves to a crucial part of the circulatory system, such as the brain or the lungs

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8
Q

what does Virchow’s triad describe

A

3 broad categories of factors that are though to contribute to thrombosis

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9
Q

what are the 3 broad categories of Virchow’s triad that are thought to contribute to thrombosis

A

the states of blood flow
endothelial injury
hyper-coagubility

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10
Q

what is atheroma

A

the fatty material which forms deposits in the arteries

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11
Q

state a genetic condition which is a factor causing thrombosis

A

thrombophilia, this is a genetic condition where your blood has an increased tendency to clot

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12
Q

state an immune system disorder that is a factor causing thrombosis

A

anti-phospholipid syndrome is an immune system disorder that causes an increased risk of blood clots

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13
Q

what are factors causing thrombosis

A

infectious and inflammatory conditions

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14
Q

state an infectious condition that is a factor causing thrombosis

A

hepatitis

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15
Q

state an inflammatory condition that is a factor causing thrombosis

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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16
Q

what is normal blood flow

A

LAMINAR

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17
Q

what is abnormal blood flow

A

STASIS: stagnation of flow
TURBULENCE: forceful, unpredictable flow

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18
Q

what are defects in blood flow

A 
thromboembolism
atheroma
hyper viscosity
spasm
external compression
vasculitis
vascular steal
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19
Q

what is Virchow’s triad

A

changes in the:
blood vessel wall
blood constituents
pattern of blood flow

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20
Q

what are the factors causing thrombosis

A

Virchow’s triad

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21
Q

define thrombosis

A

the formation of a solid mass from the constituents of blood within the vascular system during life

22
Q

what do the consequences of thrombosis depend on

A

site
extent
collateral circulation

23
Q

what are common clinical scenarios from presenting with thrombosis

A

deep vein thrombosis
ischaemic limb
myocardial infarction

24
Q

what is the outcome of thrombosis

A

resolution
organisation/recanalisation
death
propagation leading to embolism

25
Q

what is embolism

A

the movement of abnormal material in the bloodstream and its impaction in a vessel, blocking the lumen

26
Q

what is a embolus

A

it is a detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass

27
Q

what are most emboli

A

dislodged thrombi

28
Q

what do factors causing embolism depend on

A

the type of embolus

29
Q

what are types of thrombus embolus

A

systemic thromboembolus

and arterial thromboembolus

30
Q

describe systemic thromboembolus

A

embolus that travels to a wide variety of sites, from the lower limbs commonly, to the brain and other organs

31
Q

what do the consequences fro a systemic thromboembolus depend on

A

vulnerability of affected tissues to ischaemia,
calibre of occluded vessel,
collateral circulation but usually infarction occurs

32
Q

describe a venous thromboembolus, a type of embolus

A

this thrombus originates from deep venous thromboses (lower limbs)

33
Q

what are risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism

A 
cardiac failure
severe trauma
burns
post-op
post-partum
nephrotic syndrome
disseminated malignancy
oral contraceptive
older age
bed rest
immobilisation
obesity
past medical history of deep vein thrombosis
34
Q

what is affected from a syndrome of fat embolism

A

brain
kidneys
skin

35
Q

when do fat embolus occur

A

after major fractures

36
Q

when do air embolus occur

A

head wounds
neck wounds
surgery
CV lines

37
Q

what is amniotic fluid embolus the cause

A

collapse in childbirth

38
Q

when are bone marrow embolus present

A

fractures

CPR

39
Q

when is a foreign body embolus present

A

intravascular cannula tips
sutures
etc.

40
Q

what are presenting features of rheumatic fever

A

flitting polyarthritis of large joints
skin rashes
fever

i.e. painful wrists, elbows, knees, ankles

41
Q

who does rheumatic fever commonly affect

A

children aged 5-15 years

boys more than girls

42
Q

where is rheumatic fever common

A

india, middle east, central Africa

43
Q

where is rheumatic fever now rare

A

in Europe and north America

44
Q

what is rheumatic fever

A

it is a disease of disordered immunity, it is inflammatory changes in the heart and joints

45
Q

when aschoff body seen?

A

in the heart in acute rheumatic fever

46
Q

what is an aschoff body

A

it is a focus of chronic inflammatory cells, necrosis and activated macrophages

47
Q

what pathological problems result from valvular heart disease

A

valvular stenosis
valvular incompetence
valvular regurgitation
vegetations

48
Q

what is virtually the only cause of mitral stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

49
Q

what can cause mitral regurgitation, which is however most often due to ischaemic heart disease

A

rheumatic heart disease

50
Q

what now only rarely causes aortic stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

51
Q

what is aortic stenosis mostly due to

A

calcific aortic valve disease

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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