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Cardiovascular system > Embryology of the CVS 1 > Flashcards

Embryology of the CVS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is bilateral heart primordia

A

bilateral groups of cells consisting of 3 rows,
1 row of endocardial precursors medially
2 rows of myocardial precursors laterally

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2
Q

what begins the heart development?

A

the formation of 2 endocardial tubes, these 2 tubes merge to form the primitive heart tube

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3
Q

what is the tubular heart also known as

A

the primitive heart tube

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4
Q

what happens to the primitive heart tube?

A

it loops and separates into the 4 heart chambers and paired arterial trunks that form the adult heart

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5
Q

state the first stage of heart development

A

formation of the primitive heart tube

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6
Q

state the second stage of heart development

A

heart looping

looping of the primitive heart tube

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7
Q

state the third stage of heart development

A

atrial and ventricular septation

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8
Q

state the fourth stage of heart development

A

outflow tract septation

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9
Q

what does the lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm form in the 3rd week?

A

it forms the circulatory system

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10
Q

what collects in the lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm?

A

angiogenic cells islands

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11
Q

what is the intermediate mesoderm

A

it is a type of mesoderm, intermediate cell mass

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12
Q

where is the intermediate mesoderm located?

A

it is located between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate mesoderm

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13
Q

what does the intermediate mesoderm develop into?

A

it develops into the part of the urogenital system as well as the reproductive system

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14
Q

what is the first major system to function in the embryo?

A

the cardiovascular system

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15
Q

when does the primordial heart start to function?

A

at the beginning of the 4th week after fertilisation

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16
Q

where do blood vessels first appear in the embryo?

A

they first appear in the wall of the yolk sac,a allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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17
Q

when do angioblastic cords appear in the cardiogenic mesoderm?

A

in the 3rd week

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18
Q

what do angioblastic cords canalise to form?

A

heart tubes

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19
Q

what are the origin of the heart tube?

A

clusters of angiogenic cells

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20
Q

where are the clusters of angiogenic cells located?

A

they are located in the caridogenic plate

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21
Q

what is the cardiogenic plate derived from?

A

the splanchnopleuric mesoderm

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22
Q

where is the cardiogenic plate located?

A

it is located cranial and lateral to the neural plate

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23
Q

what is the yolk sac?

A

it is a membrane outside the embryo

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24
Q

what is the yolk sac connected by?

A

it is connected by a tube through the umbilical opening to the embryo’s midgut

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25
Q

what does the old sac serve as?

A

it serves as an early site for the formation of good and in time, is incorporated into the primitive gut of the embryo

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26
Q

what is the amniotic cavity?

A

it is the fluid-filled space between the amnion and foetus

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27
Q

what are angioblastic cords?

A

they are any of the cord-like masses of splanchnic mesenchymal cells ventral to the primordial coelom

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28
Q

how are the angioblastic cords arranged?

A

they arrange themselves side by side to form the primordial of the endocardial tubes

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29
Q

what are the angioblastic cord also called?

A

they are also called an angiogenic cell cluster

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30
Q

what angioblastic cords?

A

they are endothelial cords in the cardiogenic mesoderm of the embryo that appears in the 3rd week of gestation

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31
Q

what does the tubular heart form when joint to blood vessels in other area?

A

the primordial cardiovascular system

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32
Q

when does the development of the pericardium take place?

A

in the early part of stage 9, roughly the 25th day, during the 5th week

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33
Q

describe the development of the pericardium

A

lateral structures called pleuropericardial folds begin to grow towards the midline, bringing along the phrenic nerves as they move medially, the root of each fold migrates ventrally

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34
Q

what occurs during the end of the 5th week in terms of the development of the pericardium

A

the pleuropericardial folds fuse, partitioning the thoracic cavity into the pericardial cavity and 2 partially formed pleural cavities

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35
Q

what is the pericardium derived from?

A

the intraembryonic coelom

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36
Q

what are the parietal layers of the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium formed from?

A

the somatic mesoderm

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37
Q

what is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium derived from?

A

the splanchnic mesodern

38
Q

what does the caudal end of the bulbs cordis give rise to?

A

it gives rise to the mouth parts of the left and right ventricles

39
Q

what does the cranial end of the bulbus cordis give rise to?

A

it gives rise to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk with the truncus arteriosus

40
Q

what is dextrocardia?

A

it is a rare heart condition in which your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of your left side

41
Q

what kind of condition is dextrocardia?

A

it is a congenital condition

42
Q

what can dextrocardia be associated with?

A

situs inversus

43
Q

what is the most frequent positional abnormality of the heart?

A

dextrocardia

44
Q

define endocardial cushion formation?

A

the right atrioventricular opening is separated from the left atrioventricular opening forming the left and right atrioventricular canals

45
Q

state the 2 ways in which the primordial heart is partitioned?

A

endocardial cushion formation and septum formation

46
Q

describe briefly septum formation

A

a septum is formed when the right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle

the right atrium being separated from the left atrium also forms a septum

47
Q

what does endocardial cushions refer to?

A

it refers to a subset of cells in the development of the heart that play a vital role in the proper formation of the heart septa

48
Q

in reference to endocardial cushions, when does this subset of cells develop?

A

these cells develop on the atrioventricular canal and conotruncal region of the bulbus cordis

49
Q

define the septum primum

A

it is a thin, crescent-shaped membrane that grows down from the roof of the primitive atrium, towards the developing endocardial cushions

50
Q

define the sinoatrial valve

A

it is the valve at the sinoatrial orifice at the opening of the sinus venosus into the primordial right atrium

51
Q

define the foramen ovale

A

it is an opening in the septum between the 2 atria of the heart that normally present only in the foetus

52
Q

when does the develop of the foramen ovale occur?

A

at the end of week 4, it is a sickle shaped crest that grows from the roof of the atrium

53
Q

define the ostium primum?

A

it is the opening between the septum premium and endocardial cushion

54
Q

define the role of the foramen ovale

A

it is a hole in the intertribal septum to shunt oxygenated blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

55
Q

describe the foramen ovale in more detail

A

it is an anaemic adaptation in the foetus to allow oxygenated blood coming from the umbilical vein via the inferior vena cava to bypass the pulmonary circulation

56
Q

define what an atrial septal defect is

A

it is a hole in the wall that separates the top 2 chambers of the heart

57
Q

how many types of clinically significant atrial septal defects are there?

A

4

58
Q

state the 4 significant types of atrial septal defects

A

foramen secundam defect
endocardial cushion defect with foramen premum defect
sinus venosus defect
common atrium defect

59
Q

state the two most common types of atrial septal defects

A

the foramen secundum defect and the endocardial cushion defect

60
Q

describe basically what an atrial septal defect is

A

it is a defect in the septum between the two upper heart chambers, that allows oxygen-rich blood to leak into the oxygen-poor blood chambers in the heart

61
Q

define the inter-ventricular septum

A

it is the stout wall separating the ventricles of the heart form one another

62
Q

define the aorticopulmonary septum

A

it is the septum that actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the inter-ventricular septum within the heart during heart development

63
Q

what is the aorticopulmonary septum developmentally formed from?

A

the cardia neural crest

64
Q

define the ventricular septal defect

A

it is essentially a hole in the septum that separates the hearts ventricles

65
Q

what type of defect is the ventricular septal defect

A

it is a congenital defect, i.e. it is a defect that is present at birth, and this defect is relatively common

66
Q

what does the ventricular septal defect allow?

A

it allows blood to pass from the left to the right side of the heart

67
Q

when does the partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus occur?

A

during week 5 of development

68
Q

what is formed during the partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus?

A

bulbar ridges and truncal ridges

69
Q

what does the septum partitioning the bulbus cordis and the trunks arterioles divide in to?

A

the bulbus cordis and the truncus arterioles divides into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

70
Q

define the cardiac conduction system

A

it is a group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to heart muscle causing it to contract

71
Q

state the 5 major components of the cardiac conduction system

A 
the sinoatrial nodes
the atrioventricular nodes
the bundle of His
the bundle branches
the purkinje fibres
72
Q

define congenital heart disease

A

it is a malformation of the heart, aorta or other large blood vessels

73
Q

what is one of the most frequent forms of major birth defects in newborns?

A

congenital heart disease

74
Q

what does much of the practice of paediatric cardiology consist of?

A

the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart disease

75
Q

what is situs inversus

A

it is an uncommon condition in which the heart and other organs of the body are transposed through the sagittal plane to lie on the opposite side from the usual

76
Q

what is transposition of great vessels

A

it is a group of congenital heart defects involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels

77
Q

what do the great vessels include?

A 
the superior vena cava
the inferior vena cava
the pulmonary artery
the pulmonary veins
the aorta
78
Q

what is transposition of great vessels the common cause of?

A

cyanotic disease in newborn infants

79
Q

what does transposition of great vessels permit the exchange of?

A

systemic and pulmonary circulation

80
Q

what does transposition of great vessels cause?

A

failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course and defective migration of neural crest cells

81
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot?

A

it is a congenital heart condition involving 4 abnormalities occurring together

82
Q

what are the 4 cardiac defects making up the condition of tetralogy of fallot?

A

pulmonary stenosis
ventricular septal defect
dextropostion of aorta
right ventricular hypertrophy

83
Q

what does tetralogy of fallot cause?

A

unequal division of the conus due to anterior displacement of the aorticopulmonary septum

84
Q

how can tetralogy of fallot be described?

A

defective septum between the ventricles
narrowing of the pulmonary artery
cyanosis can be accompanied with this condition

85
Q

what is pulmonary stenosis

A

it is a condition in which the pulmonary valve is too tight, flow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart into the pulmonary artery is therefore impeded

86
Q

what is the number of babies born with ventricular septal defect

A

at least 1/500 babies are born with this disease

87
Q

what type of defect is ventricular septal defect

A

it is a congenital condition

88
Q

describe a ventricular septal defect

A

it is essentially a hole in the septum between the ventricles

89
Q

what is the most common type of heart malformation

A

a ventricular septal defect

90
Q

define dextropostion of the aorta

A

it is when the aorta sits in the middle of both ventricles as opposed to coming off the left ventricle only

91
Q

define right ventricular hypertrophy

A

it is a form of ventricular hypertrophy affecting the right ventricle

92
Q

foramen oval of the developing heart is an opening in which embryonic structure?

A

the septum secundum

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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