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Cardiovascular system > Embryology of the CVS 2 > Flashcards

Embryology of the CVS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 ways in which blood vessels develop?

A

vasculogenesis

angiogenesis

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2
Q

what is vasculogenesis?

A

it is the process of blood vessel formation occurring a de novo production of endothelial cells

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3
Q

what is vasculogenesis defined as?

A

the new formation of a primitive vascular network

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4
Q

what is angiogenesis defined as?

A

the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessles

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5
Q

what can angiogenesis basically be described as ?

A

the development o new blood vessels

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6
Q

what is the aortic sac?

A

it is a dilated structure in the embryo

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7
Q

what is the aortic sac lined by?

A

endothelial cells

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8
Q

where is the aortic sac located?

A

just above the truncus arteriosus

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9
Q

describe the aortic sac?

A

it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches arise

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10
Q

what arises from the aortic sac?

A

the aortic arches

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11
Q

what are the parts to each primitive aorta?

A

ventral part - ventral aorta

dorsal part - dorsal aorta

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12
Q

what occurs after the fusion of the 2 endocardial tubes?

A

the 2 ventral aorta partially fuse to form the aortic sac

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13
Q

what is an extension of the truncus arteriosus of the primordial heart tube?

A

the formation of the aortic sac

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14
Q

when do the pharyngeal arch arteries develop?

A

during the 4th and 5th week

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15
Q

where are the pharyngeal arch arteries located?

A

they are ventral to the dorsal aorta and arise from the aortic sac

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16
Q

what are the pharyngeal arteries?

A

they are a serious of 6 paired embryological vascular structures

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17
Q

what do the pharyngeal arteries give rise to?

A

they give rise to the great arteries of the neck and head

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18
Q

what are the 3 branches of the aortic branches?

A

the brachiocephalic trunk
the left common carotid artery
the left subclavian artery

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19
Q

what are pharyngeal arteries called when they communicate with aortic branches?

A

aortic arches

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20
Q

what is the dorsal aorta?

A

it is a large embryonic artery

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21
Q

how is the dorsal aorta formed?

A

it is formed by the fusion of the caudal parts of the paired primordial aorta

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22
Q

what does the dorsal aorta become?

A

it becomes the descending aorta and median sacral artery

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23
Q

what is an aberrant subclavian artery?

A

it is a rare anatomical variant of the origin of the right or left subclavian artery

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24
Q

what is the most common congenital vascular anomaly of the aortic arch?

A

the aberrant subclavian artery - this particular abnormality

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25
Q

what is a double aortic arch?

A

it is a relatively rare congenital cardiovascular malformation

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26
Q

describe a double aortic arch

A

it is an anomaly of the aortic arch in which 2 aortic arches form a complete vascular ring that can compress the trachea and/or oesophagus

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27
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

it is a condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth

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28
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

it is a foetal blood vessel that closes soon after birth

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29
Q

what is coarctation of the aorta?

A

it is a congenital condition

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30
Q

describe coarctation of the aorta

A

narrowing of the aorta

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31
Q

where does coarctation of the aorta usually occur?

A

it usually occurs in the area where the ductus arteriosus inserts

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32
Q

what does coarctation of the aorta affect?

A

this narrowing of the aorta affects blood flow where the arteries branch out to carry blood along separate vessels to the upper and lower parts of the body

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33
Q

what does coarctation of the aorta cause?

A

it can cause high blood pressure or heart damage

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34
Q

what does placental circulation allow?

A

it allows the umbilical arteries to carry deoxygenated and nutrient-depleted foetal blood from the foetus to the villous core foetal vessels

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35
Q

what does vitelline circulation refer to?

A

it refers to the system of blood flowing from the embryo to the yolk sac and back again

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36
Q

where is the yolk sac situated?

A

it is situated on the ventral aspect of the embryo

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37
Q

what is the yolk sac lined by?

A

it is lined by endoderm, outside of which is a layer of mesoderm

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38
Q

describe vitelline circulation

A

it is the circulation of blood and nutrients between the developing embryo and the yolk sac by way of the vitelline arteries and veins

39
Q

what are vitelline veins?

A

they are veins which drain blood from the yolk sac

40
Q

what are vitelline arteries?

A

they are arteries that play an important role in the vitelline circulation of blood to and from the yolk sac of foetus

41
Q

what arteries are a branch of the dorsal aorta?

A

vitelline arteries

42
Q

what are anterior cardinal veins also known as?

A

pre cardinal veins

43
Q

what do anterior cardinal veins contribute to?

A

the formation of the superior vena cava from the internal jugular veins and common cardinal veins

44
Q

what is the left umbilical vein?

A

it is the vein that returns the blood from the placenta to the foetus

45
Q

what vein transverses the umbilical cord?

A

the left umbilical vein

46
Q

what vein enters the foetal body at the umbilicus and then passes into the liver?

A

the left umbilicus cord

47
Q

what vein is then joined by the portal vein?

A

the left umbilical vein

48
Q

how many umbilical arteries are there

A

2

49
Q

what do the umbilical arteries surround

A

the urinary bladder

50
Q

what is the role of the umbilical arteries

A

they carry all the deoxygenated blood out of the foetus through the umbilical cord

51
Q

where are the umbilical arteries present

A

they are present together with one umbilical vein in the umbilical cord

52
Q

where do the umbilical arteries arise from?

A

the hypogastric arteries of the mammalian foetus

53
Q

which arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the foetus?

A

the umbilical arteries

54
Q

where do the umbilical arteries pass through?

A

they pass through the umbilical cord to the placenta to which they carry the deoxygenated blood from the foetus

55
Q

what are the arterial counterpart to the vitelline veins?

A

the vitelline arteries

56
Q

which arteries supply the yolk sac?

A

the embryo vitelline arteries

57
Q

what artery supplies the foregut?

A

the celiac artery

58
Q

which artery supplies the midgut?

A

the superior mesenteric artery

59
Q

which artery supplies the hindgut?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

60
Q

what is the role of the umbilical arteries?

A

they supply deoxygenated blood from the foetus to the placenta

61
Q

what is the umbilical vein?

A

it is a vein present during foetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the growing foetus

62
Q

where do the umbilical veins originate from?

A

chorionic villi of placenta

63
Q

what is the role of the umbilical veins?

A

they carry oxygenated blood to the embryo

64
Q

where do vitelline veins carry blood from?

A

from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus

65
Q

what is the portal vein?

A

it is a vein conveying blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas and intestine

66
Q

what are liver sinusoids?

A

they are a type of sinusoidal blood vessel that serves as a location for mixing of the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and the nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein

67
Q

what is the superior mesenteric vein?

A

it is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine

68
Q

where does the superior mesenteric vein terminate?

A

it terminates behind the neck of the pancreas

69
Q

where does the superior mesenteric vein combine with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein?

A

where the superior mesenteric vein terminates, which is behind the neck of the pancreas

70
Q

what is the ductus venosus?

A

it is a vein that passes through the liver and connects the left umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava of the foetus

71
Q

after birth what does the ductus venosus persist as?

A

it persists as the ligament venosum of the liver, as the circulation that occurs from this vein is lost

72
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

it is the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum

73
Q

what is the role of the cardinal veins?

A

they carry the blood from the head and the lower body into the heart

74
Q

state 4 venous system abnormalities

A

double IVC
absence of IVC
left SVC
double SVC

75
Q

what is meant by a double IVC

A

it is duplication of inferior vena cava
- it is a vein abnormality
congenital condition
2 inferior vena caves instead of one

76
Q

what is the absence of the inferior vena cava associated with?

A

it is associated with idiopathic deep vein thrombosis

77
Q

what is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system?

A

a persistent left superior vena cava

78
Q

what is a persistent left superior vena cava?

A

it is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute

79
Q

when does the lymphatic system develop?

A

at the end of week 6 around main veins

80
Q

when do the 6 primary lymph sacs develop?

A

at the end of the embryonic period

81
Q

what do lymphatic vessels develop from?

A

lymph sacs

82
Q

what do lymph sacs give rise from?

A

developing veins and derived from mesoderm

83
Q

what are the first lymph sacs to appear?

A

the paired jugular lymph sacs

84
Q

where do the paired jugular lymph sacs appear?

A

at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

85
Q

what is the ductus venosus?

A

it is a vein passing through the liver

86
Q

what does the ductus venosus connect?

A

it connects the left umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava of the foetus

87
Q

what does the ductus venosus persist as after birth when this veins circulatory function is lost?

A

it persists as the ligamentum venosum

88
Q

what is the ovale foramen?

A

it is an opening/hole in the septum between the atria of the heart

89
Q

when is the ovale foramen present?

A

it is normally only present in the foetus

90
Q

what does the foramen ovale allow?

A

it allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium

91
Q

what does the foramen ovale allow?

A

this hole allows blood to bypass the lungs

92
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

it is a blood vessel

93
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus connect?

A

it connects the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta

94
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus allow?

A

it allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the foetus’ fluid-filled non-functioning lungs

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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