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Cardiovascular system > Pathophysiology of Congestion & Oedema > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Congestion & Oedema Flashcards

1
Q

what is oedema often a symptom of

A

an underlying health condition

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2
Q

oedema can occur as a result of the following condition or treatments

A 
pregnancy
kidney disease
heart failure
chronic lung disease
thyroid disease
liver disease
malnutrition
medication - in particular medication for hypertension
the contraceptive pill
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3
Q

what are 2 most common causes for oedema in the legs

A

immobility

standing for long periods

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4
Q

what are other possible causes for oedema

A 
a blood clot
severe varicose veins
a leg injury
leg surgery
burns to the skin
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5
Q

basically describe congestive heart failure

A

when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should

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6
Q

what is congestive heart failure

A

it is heart failure in which the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation of blood in the tissues of the body

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7
Q

describe congestive heart failure

A

it is heart failure in which the heart is unable to pump out the venous blood returned to it by the venous circulation

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8
Q

state congestive heart failure drugs

A

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

vasodilators are another option if you cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors

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9
Q

describe ACE inhibitors as a drug for congestive heart failure

A

these drugs open up narrowed blood vessels to improve blood flow

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10
Q

what is vascular congestion

A

it is the engorgement of an entity, such as the blood vessels of the erectile tissues, with blood

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11
Q

what is vascular congestion known to occur with

A

deep vein thrombosis

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12
Q

what causes vascular congestion

A

there is no apparent cause

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13
Q

what is vascular congestion also called

A

idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

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14
Q

what causes pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

lung disease
autoimmune disease
heart failure

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15
Q

what is exudate

A

it is a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ

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16
Q

when does exudate occur

A

it occurs especially in inflammation

17
Q

what is transudate

A

it is a filtrate of blood

18
Q

what is transudate due to

A

increased pressure in the veins and capillaries that forces fluid through the vessel walls or to a low level of protein in blood serum

19
Q

where does transudate accumulate

A

it accumulates in tissues outside the blood vessels and causes oedmea

20
Q

what is the starling equation

A

it is an equation that illustrates the role of hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the movement of fluid across capillary membranes

21
Q

what are the 3 processes that capillary fluid movement may occur as a result of

A

diffusion
filtration
pinocytosis

22
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

it is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the bounding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

23
Q

what does congestion refer to

A

the relative excess of blood in vessels of tissue or organ

24
Q

what is a clinical pathology example of local acute congestion

A

deep vein thrombosis

25
Q

what is a clinical pathology example of local chronic congestion

A

hepatic cirrhosis

26
Q

what is a clinical pathology example of generalised acute congestion

A

congestive cardiac failure

27
Q

what does hepatic cirrhosis result from

A

serious liver damage

28
Q

what does the regretting liver form in hepatic cirrhosis

A

nodules of hepatocytes with intervening fibrosis

29
Q

basically describe congestive heart failure

A

it is when the heart is unable to clear blood, right and left ventricles are ineffective at pumping blood

30
Q

state the pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure

A

cardiac output decreases
the amount of fluid in the body increases
the fluid in veins increases

31
Q

how is fluid overload in veins treated

A

diuretics

32
Q

what is the effects of congestive cardiac failure

A 
the heart cannot clear blood from ventricles
back pressure
blood dammed back in veins
pulmonary oedema
left heart failure
tachycardia
central venous congestion
right heart failure
increased JVP
etc.
33
Q

state 3 components that affect net flux and filtration in microcirculation

A

hydrostatic pressure
oncotic pressure
permeability characteristics and area of endothelium

34
Q

what is oedema

A

accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the extravascular compartment

35
Q

what is peripheral oedema

A

increased interstitial fluid in tissues

36
Q

what are effusions

A

fluid collections in body cavities

37
Q

what is normal fluid flux in reference to oedema

A

it is a complex dynamic balance across the endothelial membrane

38
Q

what can upsetting any of the starling forces lead to

A

oedema

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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