Pathophysiology of Congestion & Oedema Flashcards
what is oedema often a symptom of
an underlying health condition
oedema can occur as a result of the following condition or treatments
pregnancy kidney disease heart failure chronic lung disease thyroid disease liver disease malnutrition medication - in particular medication for hypertension the contraceptive pill
what are 2 most common causes for oedema in the legs
immobility
standing for long periods
what are other possible causes for oedema
a blood clot severe varicose veins a leg injury leg surgery burns to the skin
basically describe congestive heart failure
when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should
what is congestive heart failure
it is heart failure in which the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation of blood in the tissues of the body
describe congestive heart failure
it is heart failure in which the heart is unable to pump out the venous blood returned to it by the venous circulation
state congestive heart failure drugs
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
vasodilators are another option if you cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors
describe ACE inhibitors as a drug for congestive heart failure
these drugs open up narrowed blood vessels to improve blood flow
what is vascular congestion
it is the engorgement of an entity, such as the blood vessels of the erectile tissues, with blood
what is vascular congestion known to occur with
deep vein thrombosis
what causes vascular congestion
there is no apparent cause
what is vascular congestion also called
idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
what causes pulmonary arterial hypertension
lung disease
autoimmune disease
heart failure
what is exudate
it is a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ
when does exudate occur
it occurs especially in inflammation
what is transudate
it is a filtrate of blood
what is transudate due to
increased pressure in the veins and capillaries that forces fluid through the vessel walls or to a low level of protein in blood serum
where does transudate accumulate
it accumulates in tissues outside the blood vessels and causes oedmea
what is the starling equation
it is an equation that illustrates the role of hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the movement of fluid across capillary membranes
what are the 3 processes that capillary fluid movement may occur as a result of
diffusion
filtration
pinocytosis
what is pinocytosis
it is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the bounding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
what does congestion refer to
the relative excess of blood in vessels of tissue or organ
what is a clinical pathology example of local acute congestion
deep vein thrombosis
what is a clinical pathology example of local chronic congestion
hepatic cirrhosis
what is a clinical pathology example of generalised acute congestion
congestive cardiac failure
what does hepatic cirrhosis result from
serious liver damage
what does the regretting liver form in hepatic cirrhosis
nodules of hepatocytes with intervening fibrosis
basically describe congestive heart failure
it is when the heart is unable to clear blood, right and left ventricles are ineffective at pumping blood
state the pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure
cardiac output decreases
the amount of fluid in the body increases
the fluid in veins increases
how is fluid overload in veins treated
diuretics
what is the effects of congestive cardiac failure
the heart cannot clear blood from ventricles back pressure blood dammed back in veins pulmonary oedema left heart failure tachycardia central venous congestion right heart failure increased JVP etc.
state 3 components that affect net flux and filtration in microcirculation
hydrostatic pressure
oncotic pressure
permeability characteristics and area of endothelium
what is oedema
accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the extravascular compartment
what is peripheral oedema
increased interstitial fluid in tissues
what are effusions
fluid collections in body cavities
what is normal fluid flux in reference to oedema
it is a complex dynamic balance across the endothelial membrane
what can upsetting any of the starling forces lead to
oedema
