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Cardiovascular system > Aortic Disease > Flashcards

Aortic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

state the classes of aortic aneurysms (classified by site)

A

ascending aorta aneurysm
aortic arch aneurysm
descending aorta aneurysm
abdominal aorta aneurysm

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2
Q

what is an especially serious aortic aneurysm

A

an ascending aorta aneurysm

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3
Q

what are the symptoms of an ascending aorta aneurysm

A 
dull pain of the chest
tenderness in the chest
cough
hoarseness
shortness of breath
pain in the back, jaw or neck
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4
Q

what are the causes/risk factors of ascending aorta aneurysms

A 
heart disease
older age
family history
genetics
infection
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5
Q

what are the imaging tests to detect an aortic aneurysm

A

ECHO
CT scan
MRI angiography

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6
Q

what are the methods of treatment of an aortic aneurysm

A

open surgery
endovascular surgery
emergency surgery

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7
Q

describe an abdominal aorta aneurysm

A

it is an enlarged area in the lower part of the aorta, it is a bulge or swelling that can be dangerous

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8
Q

what are the signs of symptoms of thoracic aneurysms based on the location of the aneurysm

A

shortness of breath
heart failure
aortic regurgitation
dysphagia and hoarseness - ascending aorta aneurysm or chronic aneurysm
sharp chest pain radiating to the back between the shoulder blades
pulsatile mass
hypotension

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9
Q

what is aortic dissection

A

it is a serious condition in which the inner layer of the aorta tears

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10
Q

describe aortic dissection

A

blood surges through the tear in the aorta, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to separate - dissect

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11
Q

describe aortic arch dissection

A

it is either a dissection limited to the aortic arch or a dissection arising distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery and extending proximally into the arch but not involving the ascending aorta

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12
Q

what are type A Stanford thoracic aortic dissections

A

they are dissections involving the ascending aorta, regardless of the site of origin

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13
Q

what are type B Stanford thoracic aortic dissections

A

they are dissections not involving the ascending aorta

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14
Q

what are the 2 most common classification systems of thoracic aortic dissection

A

Standford and DeBakey

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15
Q

what are type 1 DeBakey thoracic aortic dissections

A

they are dissections that originate in the ascending aorta and propagates at least to the aortic arch

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16
Q

what are type 2 DeBakey thoracic aortic dissections

A

they are dissections that originate in and are confined to the ascending aorta

17
Q

what are type 3 thoracic aortic dissections

A

they are dissections that originate in the defending aorta and extend distally down the aorta

18
Q

state 4 etiological factors of dissection

A

hypertension
atherosclerosis
trauma
Marfan’s syndrome

19
Q

state symptoms and signs of aortic dissection

A 
tearing, severe chest pain radiating to the back
collapse
tamponade
acute aortic regurgitation
external rupture
inferior ST elevation
around 50% mortality prehospital admission
reduced or absent peripheral pulses
hypotension
hypertension
soft early diastolic murmer
aortic regurgitation
pulmonary oedema
CXR - shows widened mediastinum
20
Q

describe the treatment of aortic dissection

A

surgery
meticulous blood pressure control
sodium nitroprusside

21
Q

state an infection relating to the aorta

A

syphillis

22
Q

state inflammation relating to the aorta

A

Takayasu’s arteritis

23
Q

what is Takayasu arteritis

A

it is rare, systemic, inflammatory, large-vessel vasculitis with unknown aetiology, it is defined as granulomatous inflammation of the aorta and its major branches and most commonly affects woman of childbearing age

24
Q

what is bicuspid aortic valve

A

it is an inherited form of heart disease

25
Q

describe bicuspid aortic valve

A

2 of the leaflets of the aortic valve fuse during development in the womb resulting in a 2 leaflet valve instead of the normal 3 leaflet valve

bicuspid aortic valve instead or tricuspid

26
Q

what is a bicuspid aortic valve associated with

A

coarctation

27
Q

what does having a bicuspid aortic valve make you prone to

A 
aneurysm
dissection
stenosis
regurgitation
an abnormal aorta
reduced tensile strength
28
Q

what is coarctation of the aorta also described as

A

aortic narrowing

29
Q

what is coarctation of the aorta

A

it is a congenital condition whereby the aorta is narrow

30
Q

where is coarctation of the aorta most common

A

in the aortic arch

31
Q

state the 3 shunts of coarctation

A

ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
ductus venosus

32
Q

state the 3 types of coarctation

A

pre ductal
ductal
post ductal

33
Q

where does coarctation usually occur

A

in the area where the ductus arteriosus inserts

34
Q

what type of coarctation can be life threatening if the narrowing is severe

A

pre ductal coarctation

35
Q

what are the signs of coarctation

A

cold legs
poor leg pulses
radial-radial delay and right radial-femoral delay if the coarctation occurs before the left subclavian artery
no radial-radial delay and right and left radio-femoral delay if the coarctation occurs after the left subclavian artery

36
Q

state symptoms of coarctation

A 
chest pain
cold feet or legs
dizziness or waiting
decreased ability to exercise
failure to thrive
leg cramps with exercise
nosebleed
poor growth
37
Q

what can be used to detect the location and severity of aortic coarctations

A

ECHO

38
Q

what is Marfan’s syndrome

A

it is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissue

39
Q

what are the signs/features of Marfan’s syndrome

A 
tall and slender build
disproportionately long arms, legs and fingers
a breastbone that protrudes outward or dips inward
a high, arched palate and crowded teeth
heart murmurs
extreme nearsightedness
an abnormally curved spine
flat feet

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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