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Cardiovascular system > Exchange & the lymphatic system > Flashcards

Exchange & the lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the starling equation

A

it is an equation that illustrates the role of hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the movement of fluid across capillary membranes

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2
Q

what are the 3 processes that capillary movement may occur

A

diffusion
filtration
pinocytosis

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3
Q

describe the lymphatic system

A

the network of vessel through which lymph drain from the tissues into the blood

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4
Q

describe the blood brain barrier

A

a semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the cerebrospinal fluid, and constituting a barrier to the passage of cells, particle and large molecules

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5
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

it is a highly selective semi-permeable membrane barrier

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6
Q

what does the blood brain barrier separate

A

the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system

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7
Q

describe 3 important functions of the blood brain barrier

A
  • protect the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain
  • protect the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body
  • maintains a constant environment for the brain
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8
Q

what is the role of capillaries

A

to carry blood to tissue cells and capillaries are the exchange site of nutrients, gases, wastes etc.

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9
Q

what is the goal of coagulation

A

fibrin formation

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10
Q

what does activation of the coagulation cascade lead to

A

the production of thrombin

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11
Q

what does thrombin then convert

A

fibrinogen to fibrin

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12
Q

what do physiological anticoagulation mechanisms act to reduce

A

thrombin production or to reduce the effects of thrombin

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13
Q

what are collateral arteries

A

they are the arteries that come after coronary arteries

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14
Q

what makes up the arteriole wall

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

where does the greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occur

A

at the transition of arterioles to capillaries

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16
Q

what are metarterioles

A

they are short vessels that link arterioles and capillaries

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17
Q

what do metarterioles have instead of continuous tunica media

A

they have individual smooth muscle cells

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18
Q

what does each individual smooth muscle cell in metarterioles form

A

a pre-capillary sphincter that encircles the entrance to that capillary bed

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19
Q

what is the arteriovenous bypass also called

A

the arteriovenous shunt

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20
Q

what is the arteriovenous bypass

A

the passage of blood directly from arteries to veins, without going through the capillary network

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21
Q

what are pre-capillary sphincters

A

they are bands of smooth muscle that adjust blood flow into capillaries mainly in the mesenteric microcirculation

22
Q

where does a smooth muscle fibre encircle the capillary

A

at the point where each of the capillaries originates from an arteriole

23
Q

what is a venule

A

a very small vein, especially one collecting blood from the capillaries

24
Q

describe the gross structure of capillaries

A

they are specialised for blood exchange, there are lots of them, they are thin walled and have a small diametere

25
Q

what is meant by the ultrastructure

A

it is the fine structure, especially within a cell, can be seen only with high magnification obtainable with an electron microscope

26
Q

what does clotting involve

A

formation of a platelet lug and a fibrin clot

27
Q

what is carrier mediated osmosis

A

it is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins that are embedded within the cellular membrane

28
Q

describe the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli

A

oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries

29
Q

describe the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood

A

carbon dioxide from the blood moves out of the capillaries into the alveoli

30
Q

describe the diffusion in general of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide more from where there is a large concentration to where there is a lower concentration

31
Q

describe bulk flow

A

it is the movement of water and solutes together due to a pressure gradient

32
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

it is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity

33
Q

hydrostatic pressure increases in proportion to depth measured from the surface because…

A

of the increasing weight of fluid exerting downward force from above

34
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

it is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system

35
Q

what is oncotic pressure the opposing force to

A

hydrostatic pressure

36
Q

describe the lymphatic system

A

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood

37
Q

describe lymph capillaries

A

tiny thin walled vessels located in the spaces between cells which serve to drain and process extra-cellular fluid

38
Q

what is a lymph node

A

it is a small swelling in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed

39
Q

what are lymphatic vessels

A

they are thin walled vessels structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph

40
Q

what are lymphatic vessels complementary to

A

the cardiovascular system

41
Q

where do lymphatic vessels drain lymph to

A

into the right and left subclavian veins respectively

42
Q

what are lymph valves

A

any one of the tiny semilunar structures in the vessels and trunks of the lymphatic system

43
Q

what is the role of lymph valves

A

they help to regulate the flow of lymph and prevent venous blood from entering the systemic blood capillaries

44
Q

basically describe lymph valves

A

these are one-way valves that prevent backward flow of lymph in lymph vessels

45
Q

what is oedema

A

it is a condition characterised by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body

46
Q

what are signs of oedema

A

swelling or puffiness of the tissue directly under your skin especially in your legs or arms
stitched or thing skin
skin that retain a dimple, after being pressed for several seconds
increased abdominal size

47
Q

what intact blood vessels central to

A

moderating blood’s tendency to form clots

48
Q

what do the endothelial cells of intact vessels prevent

A

blood clotting with a heparin-like molecule and thrombomodulin and prevent platelet aggregation with nitric oxide and prostacyclin

49
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

removal of interstitial fluid from tissues
absorbing and transporting fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system
transporting white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into bones

50
Q

what are causes of oedema

A

often a symptom of an underlying health condition

51
Q

list conditions and treatments that oedema can occur as a result of

A 
pregnancy
kidney disease
heart failure
chronic lung disease
liver disease
malnutrition
medication - corticosteroids, medicine for hypertension
the contraceptive pill
immobility
standing for long periods
blood clots
severe varicose veins
leg injury
leg surgery
burns to the skin

Cardiovascular system (34 decks)

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