Sensation and Perception 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brains

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2
Q

sense organs

A

eyes, ears, nose, skin, taste buds

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3
Q

stimuli

A

anything in the environment that is picked up by the senses

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4
Q

transduction

A

the process of converting outside stimuli into neural activity

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5
Q

sensory receptors

A
specialized forms of neurons
stimulated by different kinds of energy
eyes = light
ears = vibrations
touch = pressure or temperature
taste and smell = chemical substances
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6
Q

jnd

A

just noticeable difference
difference threshold
smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time

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7
Q

weber’s law

A

whatever the difference between stimuli may be, it is always a constant
need more sugar to taste it in a gallon than a cup

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8
Q

absolute threshold

A

fechner

lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present

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9
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness
just strong enough to activate the sensory receptors but are not strong enough for people to be consciously aware of them

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10
Q

subliminal perception

A

the process by which subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind and influence bx

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11
Q

vicary study

A

show subliminal messages at theater, say people buy more, but actually fake

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12
Q

event related potentials

A

erps
used to verify existence of subliminal perception and associated learning
stimuli typically influence automatic relations rather than direct voluntary bx

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13
Q

habituation

A

way brain deals with unchanging information from the environment
lower centers of brain filter sensory information and prevent conscious attention to stimuli that don’t change

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14
Q

sensory adaption

A

process by which constant, unchanging information from sensory receptors ignored

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15
Q

difference between habitation and sensory adaption

A
habituation = sensory receptors still responding to simulation but lower centers of brain aren't sending signals from those receptors to the cortex
sensory = receptor cells themselves become less responsive to unchanging stimulus and receptors no longer send signals to brain
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16
Q

photons

A

wave packets of light
specific wavelengths associated with them
einstein

17
Q

three aspects to perception of light

A

brightness, color, and saturation

18
Q

brightness

A

determined by amplitude of wave

higher wave = brighter light, lower wave = dimmer

19
Q

color

A

determined by length of wave
long wavelength = red end
short wavelength = blue end

20
Q

visible spectrum

A

portion of whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye

21
Q

saturation

A

purity of the color people perceive
highly saturated = only one color
not saturated = mix of many colors

22
Q

how does light enter eye

A

directly from source (ex. sun) or indirectly by reflecting off an object

23
Q

cornea

A

clear membrane that covers the surface of the eye
protects eye and focuses most of light coming into eye
has fixed curvature that can be changed through techniques

24
Q

photoreative keratectomy (PRK) and laster assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

A

procedures ophthalmologists use to remove small portions of the cornea, changing its curvature, and thus the focus in the eye

25
Q

aqueous humor

A

after cornea

clear watery fluid that is continually replenished and supplies nourishment to eye

26
Q

pupil

A

after aqueous humor
hole through which light from visual image enters interior of eye
exists in iris

27
Q

iris

A

after pupil (pupil in it)
round muscle, colored part of eye
changes size of pupil to let more or less light into eye
helps focus image

28
Q

lens

A

behind iris
flexible, visual accommodation
changes shape to focus on objects close or far away
variation in thickness allows it to project sharp image on retina

29
Q

visual accommodation

A

lens changes shape from thick to thin, enabling it to focus on objects that are close or far away
variation in thickness allows lens to project sharp image on retina

30
Q

presbyopia

A

disorder in which people lose ability to do visual accommodation as lens hardens through aging

31
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

visual accommodation may occur but shape of eye causes focal point to fall short of retina

32
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

focus point is behind retina

33
Q

vitreous humor

A

after lens
large open space filled with clear, jelly-like fluid
fluid nourishes eye and gives it shape